Advertising

Ivory Soap Ad

Advertising is meant to persuade, and the themes and techniques of that persuasion reveal a part of the nation's history. The Museum has preserved advertising campaigns for several familiar companies, such as Marlboro, Alka-Seltzer, Federal Express, Cover Girl, and Nike. It also holds the records of the NW Ayer Advertising Agency and business papers from Krispy Kreme Doughnuts, Carvel Ice Cream, and other companies. The Warshaw Collection of Business Americana comprises thousands of trade cards, catalogs, labels, and other business papers and images dating back to the late 1700s.

Beyond advertising campaigns, the collections encompass thousands of examples of packaging, catalogs, and other literature from many crafts and trades, from engineering to hat making. The collections also contain an eclectic array of advertising objects, such as wooden cigar-store Indians, neon signs, and political campaign ads.

Place: New York

U.G.W. of A.

A stamp holder made of imitation ivory celluloid. It advertises the United Garment Workers of America.
Description (Brief)
A stamp holder made of imitation ivory celluloid. It advertises the United Garment Workers of America.
date made
1909-1925
maker
Bastian Bros Company
ID Number
2006.0098.0947
accession number
2006.0098
catalog number
2006.0098.0947

Celluloid Novelty

Pocket card with ruler and calendar for 1935. The front of the card has an image of the Insurance Company of North America's "new building." Back reads: "Oldest American Fire and Marine Insurance Co.
Description (Brief)
Pocket card with ruler and calendar for 1935. The front of the card has an image of the Insurance Company of North America's "new building." Back reads: "Oldest American Fire and Marine Insurance Co. Founded 1792 A Philadelphia Institution"
Description
One side of this celluloid card has a calendar for 1935, and ad for the “Oldest American Fire and Marine Insurance Co.” The other has an image of the “NEW BUILDING OF [the] INSURANCE COMPANY of North America / Philadelphia.”
Location
Currently not on view
date made
1935
advertiser
Insurance Company of North America
maker
Bastian Bros Company
ID Number
2006.0098.0572
accession number
2006.0098
catalog number
2006.0098.0572

W.W. Randall

Two celluloid sheets fastened together over rotating disks that display numbers. On the back of the counter, one disk displays numbers in the "Games" window and the other disk in the "Points" window. The front and back are printed with advertising.
Description (Brief)
Two celluloid sheets fastened together over rotating disks that display numbers. On the back of the counter, one disk displays numbers in the "Games" window and the other disk in the "Points" window. The front and back are printed with advertising. The back also has a list of materials associated with particular wedding anniversaries.
Advertising piece for W. W. Randall of New York City. "Diamonds are trumps when you buy them of W. W. Randall."
Location
Currently not on view
date made
after 1870
maker
Baldwin & Gleason Company
ID Number
2006.0098.0635
accession number
2006.0098
catalog number
2006.0098.0635

Hazard's Chemical & Liquid Bluing

Color advertising print depicting five women and a child doing laundry.Currently not on view
Description (Brief)
Color advertising print depicting five women and a child doing laundry.
Location
Currently not on view
Date made
1860
maker
Sarony, Major, & Knapp
ID Number
DL.60.3088
catalog number
60.3088
accession number
228146

Ship Model, Steamboat Buckeye State

The Buckeye State was built at Shousetown, Pa., south of Pittsburgh. In 1849 the hull was completed and hauled up the Ohio River to Pittsburgh to be finished. Under the supervision of David Holmes, the Buckeye State was completed in February 1850.
Description
The Buckeye State was built at Shousetown, Pa., south of Pittsburgh. In 1849 the hull was completed and hauled up the Ohio River to Pittsburgh to be finished. Under the supervision of David Holmes, the Buckeye State was completed in February 1850. It was owned and operated by the Pittsburgh & Cincinnati Packet Line, which ran it regularly on the Ohio River between Cincinnati and Pittsburgh. The company owned six or seven steamers at a time, and ran daily departures between the two cities. By the mid-1840s the Pittsburgh & Cincinnati Packet Line was praised by a Pittsburgh newspaper editor as “the greatest convenience . . . ever afforded the citizens on the banks of the Upper Ohio.”
On May 1, 1850 the Buckeye State left Cincinnati for Pittsburgh and completed the trip in a record 43 hours. Under Capt. Sam Dean, the steamer made 24 stops along the route, needing coal once and wood three times. One hundred years later, the Buckeye State still held the record for the fastest trip ever made by a steamboat between Cincinnati and Pittsburgh.
In 1851, showman P. T. Barnum organized a race between the Buckeye State and the Messenger No. 2 as a publicity stunt to advertise Swedish opera singer Jenny Lind’s American tour. Steamboat racing was growing in popularity, and so a race was the perfect promotion. Although Lind and Barnum were aboard the Messenger No. 2, the Buckeye State won the race. The Buckeye State continued its service up and down the Ohio for six more years until it was retired and dismantled in 1857.
date made
1963
construction completed on Buckeye State
1850-02
Buckeye State retired
1857
participated in a steamboat race
1857
owned and operated by
Pittsburgh & Cincinnati Packet Line
supervised construction of Buckeye State
Holmes, David
captain of the Buckeye State
Dean, Sam
maker
Boucher-Lewis Precision Models, Inc.
ID Number
TR.322425
catalog number
322425
accession number
247839

Representative Journals & Journalists of America

Black and white print containing facsimiles of twelve leading newspapers, each of which frames a bust portrait of its owner or editor, except center portrait which has no newspaper "frame". Facsimiles of signatures appear below with printed titles of papers.Currently not on view
Description (Brief)
Black and white print containing facsimiles of twelve leading newspapers, each of which frames a bust portrait of its owner or editor, except center portrait which has no newspaper "frame". Facsimiles of signatures appear below with printed titles of papers.
Location
Currently not on view
date made
1882
depicted
Weed, Thurlow
lithographer
Buek & Lindner
publisher
Root & Tinker
ID Number
DL.60.2435
catalog number
60.2435
accession number
228146

B. Macauley as "Uncle Dan'l" Deputy Sheriff of Jarvis Section.

This colored print is a bust portrait of B. Macauley wearing a brown fur cap, turned down collar, red cravat, and a brown jacket. A print poster advertising the performance describes B. Macauley as a popular character comedian.
Description
This colored print is a bust portrait of B. Macauley wearing a brown fur cap, turned down collar, red cravat, and a brown jacket. A print poster advertising the performance describes B. Macauley as a popular character comedian. It lists the full title of the play as “A Messenger from Jarvis Section” and describes it as a New England comedy to be staged at Harper’s Opera House, Friday eve, April 7th. Other posters advertise performances of the play in New York, Philadelphia, and Chicago.
Bernard (Barney) Macauley (1837-1896) was a prominent actor who moved from Memphis, Tennessee to Louisville, Kentucky, where he established Macauley’s Theater in 1873. He sold the theater to his brother John in 1879. It would feature some of the most celebrated actors of the era, including Sarah Bernhardt, Lillie Langtry, Edwin Booth, George M. Cohan, and Buffalo Bill. The theater later showed motion pictures and remained a landmark in Louisville until it was torn down in 1925.
This lithograph was produced by Henry Atwell Thomas. Henry Atwell Thomas (1834-1904) was an artist, portrait painter, and lithographer especially well known for his theatrical portraits. His New York firm was called H. A. Thomas Lith. Studio until 1887, when it became H. A. Thomas & Wylie Lithographic (sometimes cited as Lithography or Lithographing) Company.
Location
Currently not on view
Date made
n.d.
depicted
Macauley, B.
maker
Thomas, Henry Atwell
ID Number
DL.60.3046
catalog number
60.3046
accession number
228146

Open Work Net Banners

A broadside advertising banners in support of Democratic nominees William Jennings Bryan and Adlai Stevenson.Currently not on view
Description
A broadside advertising banners in support of Democratic nominees William Jennings Bryan and Adlai Stevenson.
Location
Currently not on view
date made
1900
depicted (sitter)
Bryan, William Jennings
Stevenson, Adlai
ID Number
2010.0073.01
catalog number
2010.0073.01
accession number
2010.0073
catalog number
2010.0073.01

Keuffel & Esser Instructions for Log Log Duplex Slide Rule

This eight-page pamphlet was received with 1981.0933.01. It is undated, but Clark McCoy reports the text was written around 1914. This copy was probably printed later, around 1920.
Description
This eight-page pamphlet was received with 1981.0933.01. It is undated, but Clark McCoy reports the text was written around 1914. This copy was probably printed later, around 1920. It explains the scales on K&E's model 4092 slide rule, works eleven sample problems, and advertises K&E calculating devices.
Reference: Clark McCoy, ed., "K&E Log Log Duplex Slide Rules," http://www.mccoys-kecatalogs.com/KEManuals/manuals.htm#4092.
Location
Currently not on view
date made
ca 1920
maker
Keuffel & Esser Co.
ID Number
1981.0933.02
accession number
1981.0933
catalog number
1981.0933.02

Capt Sir. John Franklin. F.R.S.K.C.H.

Black and white print, bust length portrait of a man (Rear Admiral Sir John Franklin). Franklin (1786-1847) was an British Navy officer who began exploring the Canadian Arctic in 1818. His last expedition was begun in 1845 but became lost while charting the Northwest Passage.
Description (Brief)
Black and white print, bust length portrait of a man (Rear Admiral Sir John Franklin). Franklin (1786-1847) was an British Navy officer who began exploring the Canadian Arctic in 1818. His last expedition was begun in 1845 but became lost while charting the Northwest Passage. The expeditions's ships became trapped in the ice and Franklin perished with129 crew members on June 11, 1847.
This print advertised a 20,000 pound or $100,000 reward for locating the lost expedition.
Location
Currently not on view
Date made
1846
depicted
Franklin, John
maker
Risso & Leefe
ID Number
DL.60.3199
catalog number
60.3199

Cox Stadia Computer

Celluloid, circular slide rule for determining elevation measurements to be used with transit telescopes. It is a flat, square panel with dial attached over the center. An image of a telescope appears in black and white on the reverse. It is an advertisement for W. & L. E.
Description (Brief)
Celluloid, circular slide rule for determining elevation measurements to be used with transit telescopes. It is a flat, square panel with dial attached over the center. An image of a telescope appears in black and white on the reverse. It is an advertisement for W. & L. E. Gurley, "Makers of Civil Engineers and Surveyors Instruments," a company established in 1845.
Location
Currently not on view
date made
after 1899
advertiser
W. & L. E. Gurley
maker
Whitehead & Hoag Company
ID Number
2006.0098.0524
accession number
2006.0098
catalog number
2006.0098.0524

The Great Kentucky Rifle Team, Champions of the World

This colored print depicts an outdoor scene in which tree trunks spell out the word "FRAYNE." Various figures surrounding the word; some are rescuing people, some are performing stunts with guns, others are being executed as an example of frontier justice.
Description
This colored print depicts an outdoor scene in which tree trunks spell out the word "FRAYNE." Various figures surrounding the word; some are rescuing people, some are performing stunts with guns, others are being executed as an example of frontier justice. In addition to the words “The Great Kentucky Rifle Team,” the print contains a caption reading “The Great Sensation of the Age” at the top and “Chas. A. Wing / Business Manager” at the bottom. The word “Champions” is printed vertically on the left side and “Of the World” runs vertically along the right.
Frank I. Frayne (1839-1891) was an actor and expert marksman born in Danville, Kentucky. He got his start as an actor performing on stages in Cincinnati, Ohio and New Orleans, Louisiana. After the Civil War he headed to the mining regions of the American West, where he became an expert shooter. When he returned to the East, he formed a rifle team and began presenting shows that combined shooting tricks with animal stunts involving dogs, ponies, a bear, a lion and hyenas. One of his most famous presentations was Si Slocum, in which he portrayed a ranch proprietor locked in a vicious battle to keep his land. Frayne used live ammunition for his tricks, which included shooting a pipe out of a ranch hand's mouth, extinguishing a candle with a gunshot, and shooting an apple off another performer's head while standing backwards and sighting his target with a mirror. His act went tragically wrong during an 1882 performance in Cincinnati, Ohio, when Frayne shot and killed his fiancé and partner in a William Tell type performance, actress Annie Von Behren (1857-1882). He claimed his rifle accidentally discharged, and he was absolved of responsibility for the death when an examination of his three foot long single breechloading rifle proved the firearm was damaged and not firing properly.
Charles W. Wing was buisness manager for the Frank Frayne Combination in the 1870's and 1880s.
This lithograph was produced by the Metropolitan Printing Company and E. Rothengatter. Emil Rothengatter (1848-1939) was a German-born artist and designer of circus posters who worked in cities including Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and Cincinnati, Ohio. In 1896 he won a contest to design the flag of Cincinnati for a work he called “Zero of Burnet Woods.” However, controversy over whether Cincinnati should have a flag delayed the design’s formal adoption until 1940. Emil Rothengatter also wrote a book entitled Art of Poster Making in the United States, published in 1911. He died in New York.
Location
Currently not on view
Date made
n.d.
maker
Metropolitan Printing Company
Rothengatter
ID Number
DL.60.3021
catalog number
60.3021
accession number
228146

Leaflet for Agate Iron Ware

Currently not on view
Location
Currently not on view
date made
1876
fair dates
1876
ID Number
DL.309976.0027
catalog number
309976.0027
accession number
309976

Huyler's Cocoa Tin

This yellow, rectangular tin with black lettering and design was used to store and market Huyler's drinking chocolate.In 1846, John Huyler was born to David Huyler who ran a bakery in New York City. By the early 1860s, John was working in his father’s shop, learning the trade.
Description
This yellow, rectangular tin with black lettering and design was used to store and market Huyler's drinking chocolate.
In 1846, John Huyler was born to David Huyler who ran a bakery in New York City. By the early 1860s, John was working in his father’s shop, learning the trade. In 1874, he opened his own store, a confectionary, and within a few years he had opened three more stores. By the time of his death in 1910, he owned 54 store fronts with 14 factories and around 2000 employees supplying his shops.
Chocolate had been known and treasured by Native Americans in Central and South America for thousands of years prior to the arrival of the first Spanish explorers in the late 1400s and early 1500s. Cacao beans were so highly prized by Mayans and Aztecs that they were used as currency in many areas of the Americas. When first taken back to Europe by the Spanish, the chocolate drink continued to be produced exclusively for the enjoyment of royalty or the extremely wealthy. As the cacao bean gradually made its presence known throughout Europe, it still remained trapped in this exclusive section of society well into the 19th century.
The chocolate trade to North America began more than 300 years ago, primarily centered in or near major port cities of the time, such as New York City, Boston, Philadelphia and Newport, RI. Due to lower transportation costs, chocolate was often less expensive in the Americas than in Europe and therefore had a broader consumer base. The Industrial Revolution radically changed chocolate production and helped propel it into the hearts and stomachs of the working class. Instead of being a labor intensive product, it became entirely machine made reducing costs even further in the late 19th and early 20th century. During this time, chocolate went from being something a person drank to being something to eat, finally becoming a treat for the masses.
Location
Currently not on view
ID Number
ZZ.RSN80525Z97

Presto Flour

Metal "sanitary cake tester." A long pin with celluloid button at top in blue with yellow and white print. The reverse is white with blue print. An advertisement for Presto Cake Flour is on one side and for Hecker-H-O Co. of Buffalo, N.Y., on the other.Currently not on view
Description (Brief)
Metal "sanitary cake tester." A long pin with celluloid button at top in blue with yellow and white print. The reverse is white with blue print. An advertisement for Presto Cake Flour is on one side and for Hecker-H-O Co. of Buffalo, N.Y., on the other.
Location
Currently not on view
date made
after 1902
maker
Hecker-H-O Company
ID Number
2006.0098.0790
accession number
2006.0098
catalog number
2006.0098.0790

Huyler's Cocoa Tin

This yellow, rectangular tin with black lettering and design was used to store and market Huyler's drinking chocolate.In 1846, John Huyler was born to David Huyler who ran a bakery in New York City. By the early 1860s, John was working in his father’s shop, learning the trade.
Description
This yellow, rectangular tin with black lettering and design was used to store and market Huyler's drinking chocolate.
In 1846, John Huyler was born to David Huyler who ran a bakery in New York City. By the early 1860s, John was working in his father’s shop, learning the trade. In 1874, he opened his own store, a confectionary, and within a few years he had opened three more stores. By the time of his death in 1910, he owned 54 store fronts with 14 factories and around 2000 employees supplying his shops.
Chocolate had been known and loved by Native Americans in Central and South America for thousands of years prior to the arrival of the first Spanish explorers in the late 1400s and early 1500s. Cacao beans were so highly prized by Mayans and Aztecs that they were used as currency in many areas of the Americas. When first taken back to Europe by the Spanish, the chocolate drink continued to be produced exclusively for the enjoyment of royalty or the extremely wealthy. As the cacao bean gradually made its presence known throughout Europe, it still remained trapped in this exclusive section of society well into the 19th century.
The chocolate trade to North America began more than 300 years ago, primarily centered in or near major port cities of the time, such as New York City, Boston, Philadelphia and Newport, RI. Due to lower transportation costs, chocolate was often less expensive in the Americas than in Europe and therefore had a broader consumer base. The Industrial Revolution radically changed chocolate production and helped propel it into the hearts and stomachs of the working class. Instead of being a labor intensive product, it became entirely machine made reducing costs even further in the late 19th and early 20th century. During this time, chocolate went from being something a person drank to being something to eat, finally becoming a treat for the masses.
Location
Currently not on view
ID Number
ZZ.RSN80525Z99

Daily News Vol. 46. No. 207

Currently not on view
Location
Currently not on view
date made
1965-02-22
graphic artist
News Syndicate Co., Inc.
ID Number
2012.3028.01
accession number
2012.3028

Head-Quarters for Army, Navy and Masonic Badges

Currently not on view
Location
Currently not on view
ID Number
1978.0010.10
accession number
1978.0010
catalog number
1978.0010.10
accession number
85357M

Bartley Campbell's Picturesque Drama The Galley Slave by Henry Atwell Thomas, 1879

This black and white lithograph depicts a central scene of an interior with a woman wearing a veil, collapsed in an armchair. Two men standing near her appear to be arguing.
Description
This black and white lithograph depicts a central scene of an interior with a woman wearing a veil, collapsed in an armchair. Two men standing near her appear to be arguing. The central scene rests on an easel and is surrounded by four vignettes, with a circular bust portrait of Bartley Campbell at the top center. The complicated plot involves the betrayal of a well-born woman by her artist husband and her ultimate vindication and revenge.
The names of two actors, Frank Evans and J. J. Sullivan, have been added in colored lettering on the left and right margins. An early playbill contains the names of these actors as cast members for performances of The Galley Slave at Haverly’s Theatre in New York in 1880. The Galley Slave was made into a 1915 film starring Theda Bara.
Bartley T. Campbell (1843-1888), was a journalist, novelist, poet, dramatist, and theatrical manager. He was born to Irish immigrant parents in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and began his writing career at age 15 as a reporter for the Pittsburgh Post . He also worked for newspapers in Louisville, Kentucky, and Cincinnati, Ohio, and founded the Southern Monthly Magazine in New Orleans, Louisiana. After the success of his first melodrama, Through Fire , in 1871, Campbell gave up journalism for playwrighting and experimented with everything from comedies to domestic dramas to military sagas. Several of his works, including The White Slave , focused on racial themes and the plight of mixed race characters. Another of his plays, Siberia , featured many prominent actors of the day and toured in England, Australia, and New Zealand. After an 1876 trip to London, Bartley Campbell began to write the western dramas for which he became especially famous, including The Vigilantes , or, The Heart of the Sierras . He has been described as America's first "first fully professional dramatist" ( The Oxford Companion to American Theatre ), and he also produced and directed plays. Later in life Bartley Campbell suffered from financial and mental problems and died at the State Hospital for the Insane in Middletown, New York.
This lithograph was produced by Henry Atwell Thomas (1834-1904). He was an artist, portrait painter, and lithographer especially well known for his theatrical portraits. His New York firm was called H. A. Thomas Lith. Studio until 1887, when it became H. A. Thomas & Wylie Lithographic (sometimes cited as Lithography or Lithographing) Company.
Location
Currently not on view
Date made
1879
referenced
Campbell, Bartley
Sullivan, J. J.
Evans, Frank
maker
Thomas, Henry Atwell
ID Number
DL.60.3065
catalog number
60.3065
accession number
228146

Maggie Mitchell

This colored print is a signed oval bust portrait with a light green background on a red banner with gold fringe. The portrait depicts auburn haired actress Maggie Mitchell, wearing a white earring, a white dress and a matching hat. .
Description
This colored print is a signed oval bust portrait with a light green background on a red banner with gold fringe. The portrait depicts auburn haired actress Maggie Mitchell, wearing a white earring, a white dress and a matching hat. . The caption stamped at the top of the poster announces the location and date of the performance as “Park Theatre, Tuesday, March 14.”
The Park Theater was built in 1798 on Park Row in Manhattan and was New York City’s premiere performance space in the early 19th Century. It attracted a diverse audience with each class sitting in its preferred section. Working class men sat in the pit; members of the upper class and women in the boxes; the least affluent sat or stood in the balcony. These included immigrants, people of color, and prostitutes.
Maggie Mitchell (1832-1918) has been described as a pioneering example of "the personality actress," a performer whose onstage persona was almost indistinguishable from her image offstage. ( The History of North American Theater). She was born Margaret Julia Mitchell in New York City. As a young girl, she performed in silent roles before making her speaking debut as Julia in The Soldier's Daughter in 1851. Petite and curly haired, with a childlike energy, she was often cast in sentimental comedies and in male or “tomboy” roles, including the title role in a stage adaptation of Oliver Twist. Mitchell's sprightly charm sparked what would later be called a "Maggie Mitchell craze" in Cleveland, Ohio, and she eventually became one of the most celebrated actresses of her era. She appeared in Jane Eyre, Little Barefoot, The Pearl of Savoy, and other dramas, but her best-known role was as a simple country girl in a comedy called Fanchon, the Cricket, adapted from George Sand's story "La Petite Fadette." She made her debut as Fanchon in the early 1860s and continued to perform the part, along with her trademark “shadow dance,” until she was in her fifties. Abraham Lincoln, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow were said to be among her admirers. Maggie Mitchell retired from the theater in 1892.
This lithograph was produced by Henry Atwell Thomas. Henry Atwell Thomas (1834-1904) was an artist, portrait painter, and lithographer especially well known for his theatrical portraits. His New York firm was called H. A. Thomas Lith. Studio until 1887, when it became H. A. Thomas & Wylie Lithographic (sometimes cited as Lithography or Lithographing) Company.
The collection contains a duplicate of this same print.
Location
Currently not on view
Date made
n.d.
depicted
Mitchell, Margaret Julia
maker
Thomas, Henry Atwell
ID Number
DL.60.3049
catalog number
60.3049
accession number
228146

Pop Hand Puppet

This hand puppet, known as Pop, is one of the three characters used to represent the famous Kellogg's Rice Krispies cereal. His head is made of molded synthetic rubber, his hands are red felt, and he is dressed in a peachy pink colored cotton shirt.
Description (Brief)
This hand puppet, known as Pop, is one of the three characters used to represent the famous Kellogg's Rice Krispies cereal. His head is made of molded synthetic rubber, his hands are red felt, and he is dressed in a peachy pink colored cotton shirt. Snap, Crackle, and Pop were created in the 1930s as spokesmen for Kellogg's Rice Krispies. Their images are based on drawings by illustrator Vernon Grant and cartoonist Don Margolis. These three little sprites were popular images used to advertise cereal to children.
This particular set of puppets is from the early 1960s were offered as premiums for saving cereal box tops. These familiar elves continue to represent the Rick Krispies brand in the twenty first century.
Location
Currently not on view
Date made
1950 - 1959
user
Rollins, Hazelle H.
Rollins, Hazelle H.
ID Number
1980.0910.08
accession number
1980.0910
catalog number
1980.0910.08

Huyler's Caracas Cocoa Tin

This yellow, rectangular tin with black lettering and design was used to store and market Huyler's drinking chocolate.In 1846, John Huyler was born to David Huyler who ran a bakery in New York City. By the early 1860s, John was working in his father’s shop, learning the trade.
Description
This yellow, rectangular tin with black lettering and design was used to store and market Huyler's drinking chocolate.
In 1846, John Huyler was born to David Huyler who ran a bakery in New York City. By the early 1860s, John was working in his father’s shop, learning the trade. In 1874, he opened his own store, a confectionary, and within a few years he had opened three more stores. By the time of his death in 1910, he owned 54 store fronts with 14 factories and around 2000 employees supplying his shops.
Chocolate had been known and treasured by Native Americans in Central and South America for thousands of years prior to the arrival of the first Spanish explorers in the late 1400s and early 1500s. Cacao beans were so highly prized by Mayans and Aztecs that they were used as currency in many areas of the Americas. When first taken back to Europe by the Spanish, the chocolate drink continued to be produced exclusively for the enjoyment of royalty or the extremely wealthy. As the cacao bean gradually made its presence known throughout Europe, it still remained trapped in this exclusive section of society well into the 19th century.
The chocolate trade to North America began more than 300 years ago, primarily centered in or near major port cities of the time, such as New York City, Boston, Philadelphia and Newport, RI. Due to lower transportation costs, chocolate was often less expensive in the Americas than in Europe and therefore had a broader consumer base. The Industrial Revolution radically changed chocolate production and helped propel it into the hearts and stomachs of the working class. Instead of being a labor intensive product, it became entirely machine made reducing costs even further in the late 19th and early 20th century. During this time, chocolate went from being something a person drank to being something to eat, finally becoming a treat for the masses.
ID Number
1990.0018.115
accession number
1990.0018
catalog number
1990.0018.115

The Fall Fashions for 1845 & 6 by Oliver & Hoyle 4 Courtland Street New York

Color print, two horizontal panels depicting fifteen figures: twelve men, two woman, and one child in fashions from 1850. The upper panel depicts an outdoor scene; the bottom panel depicts an outdoor scene with a man and two women on horseback in the center.Currently not on view
Description (Brief)
Color print, two horizontal panels depicting fifteen figures: twelve men, two woman, and one child in fashions from 1850. The upper panel depicts an outdoor scene; the bottom panel depicts an outdoor scene with a man and two women on horseback in the center.
Location
Currently not on view
Date made
1845
maker
Baillie, James S.
ID Number
DL.60.3071
catalog number
60.3071
accession number
228146

Ten Year Calendar, "Caught in the Act"

Calendar with celluloid front and paper back. The calendar contains a rotating disc visible through windows cut into the plastic. By rotating the dial, one can find dates for the years 1898-1912.
Description (Brief)
Calendar with celluloid front and paper back. The calendar contains a rotating disc visible through windows cut into the plastic. By rotating the dial, one can find dates for the years 1898-1912. An image of a young girl in bonnet holding trowel and flowers is opposite the calendar. Black print on reverse advertises "Superior Flower Seeds."
Location
Currently not on view
date made
1898
advertiser
Mandeville & King
maker
Whitehead & Hoag Company
ID Number
2006.0098.0738
accession number
2006.0098
catalog number
2006.0098.0738

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