Computers & Business Machines

Imagine the loss, 100 years from now, if museums hadn't begun preserving the artifacts of the computer age. The last few decades offer proof positive of why museums must collect continuously—to document technological and social transformations already underway.

The museum's collections contain mainframes, minicomputers, microcomputers, and handheld devices. Computers range from the pioneering ENIAC to microcomputers like the Altair and the Apple I. A Cray2 supercomputer is part of the collections, along with one of the towers of IBM's Deep Blue, the computer that defeated reigning champion Garry Kasparov in a chess match in 1997. Computer components and peripherals, games, software, manuals, and other documents are part of the collections. Some of the instruments of business include adding machines, calculators, typewriters, dictating machines, fax machines, cash registers, and photocopiers

This compact desktop electronic calculator has an ivory-colored plastic case, a brown plastic keyboard, twenty-two square plastic keys, and three rectangular plastic bars.
Description
This compact desktop electronic calculator has an ivory-colored plastic case, a brown plastic keyboard, twenty-two square plastic keys, and three rectangular plastic bars. In addition to nine digit keys, a zero bar and a decimal point key, there are bars for addition/sum and subtraction/total, keys for multiplication and division, and keys for exchange and clear/clear entry. To the left of the digit keys are six memory keys, a percentage key, and a Δ% key. Behind the keyboard are three switches and a ten-digit vacuum fluorescent display. A mark in front of the keyboard reads: ENTERPREX 100M.
The back of the calculator has a compartment for two large batteries. Below this is an indentation for a sticker, but the sticker has come loose. It reads in part: 10-DIGIT DESK-TOP (/) ELECTRONIC CALCULATOR (/) POWER SOURCE: TWO "D" CELL (/) BATTERIES. DC 3VOLT. It also reads in part: SERIAL NO. 64597 (/) PN 943014 MADE IN TAIWAN.
References:
[Advertisement], Chicago Tribune, November 5, 1978, p. M7. Enterprex 100M advertised as on sale for $20.00.
[Advertisement], Los Angeles Times, February 24, 1979, p. C2. Enterprex 100M advertised as on sale for $29.95, with a list price of $40.00
Guy Ball and Bruce Flamm, The Complete Collector’s Guide to Pocket Calculators, Tustin, CA: Wilson/Barnett, 1997, p. 70.
BE CALC Vintage Electronic Calculators website (now www.calcuseum.com). This shows an example of the calculator, with a sticker indicating that it was made in Hong Kong.
Location
Currently not on view
date made
ca 1978
distributor
Enterprex
ID Number
1986.0988.201
catalog number
1986.0988.201
accession number
1986.0988
This small desktop electronic calculator has a tan and brown plastic case and an array of twenty-four square plastic keys.
Description
This small desktop electronic calculator has a tan and brown plastic case and an array of twenty-four square plastic keys. These include ten digit keys, a decimal point key, a total key, four arithmetic function keys, three memory keys, a clear/clear memory key, a clear entry key, a percentage key, a square root key, and an off key.
The eight-digit LCD display is behind the keys. A mark to the right of it reads: Radio Shack (/) LCD MINI-DESKTOP.
The back of the calculator has a battery pack at the top. A sticker in the middle reads: Radio Shack MODEL NO. (/) EC2003 (/) Uses 2 Type AA Batteries (RS Cat. No. 23-552) (/) Custom manufactured in Hong Kong for Radio Shack (/) A Div of Tandy Corp Ft. Worth TX76102.
Compare 1986.0988.007, which sold for somewhat more.
References:
Radio Shack, A Tandy Company, 1983 Catalog No. 354, p. 169, accessed September 22, 2014. The price listed for the calculator is $19.95.
Radio Shack, A Tandy Company, 1984 Catalog No. 367, p. 167, accessed September 22, 2014. The price listed for the calculator is $14.95.
Location
Currently not on view
date made
1983-1984
maker
Tandy Corporation
ID Number
1986.0988.033
catalog number
1986.0988.033
accession number
1986.0988
The Japanese firm of Sanyo Electric Works, established near Osaka in 1947, had a variety of early consumer electric products, ranging from bicycle generator lamps to transistor radios to color televisions to air conditioners to tape recorders.
Description
The Japanese firm of Sanyo Electric Works, established near Osaka in 1947, had a variety of early consumer electric products, ranging from bicycle generator lamps to transistor radios to color televisions to air conditioners to tape recorders. It sold portable electronic calculators from about 1970 into the 1980s. This early Sanyo “mini calculator” is in the general shape of a transistor radio. It has a plastic case, a metal and plastic handle, a metal keyboard, and seventeen round plastic keys. The keys include ten digit keys, a decimal point key, four arithmetic function keys, a clear constant key, and a clear all key. To the left of the keys are a constant switch and an on/off switch. Above these is an eight-digit gas discharge display with an extra space for an overflow/negative number indicator.
A cord that plugs into a wall outlet is attached to the top of the calculator. A hinged handle attaches to the sides and can turn down to serve as a stand when the calculator is placed on a table.The back of the calculator has four rubber feet. A tag at the center of the back reads: SANYO MODEL ICC-811 (/) ELECTRONIC CALCULATOR (/) AC 120V, 50/60Hz. 4W (/) SERIAL NO. 77007050 T (/) SANYO ELECTRIC CO., LTD. (/) MADE IN JAPAN.
References:
[Advertisement], Chicago Tribune, September 26, 1972, p. C6. A calculator very similar to this object, sold as the Sanyo 811D, was offered for $99.88. The advertisement indicates that the previous price was $159.
[Advertisement], Los Angeles Times, March 22, 1973, p. E7. The ad announces that the Sanyo 811 eight-digit calculator sold for $98.88.
Location
Currently not on view
date made
1972-1973
maker
Sanyo Electric Company
ID Number
1986.0988.010
catalog number
1986.0988.010
accession number
1986.0988
This lightweight, non-printing electronic calculator has an array of nine digit keys at the center with a zero bar and a decimal point key below these. On the right are arithmetic and clear keys.
Description
This lightweight, non-printing electronic calculator has an array of nine digit keys at the center with a zero bar and a decimal point key below these. On the right are arithmetic and clear keys. On the left are percentage, percent change, gross profit margin, item count, clear memory, recall memory, memory subtraction, and memory addition keys. A switch between a floating and a fixed decimal point, a constant switch, and a power switch are above the keyboard. Behind is a ten-digit vacuum fluorescent diode display. A cabinet has space for two D batteries. A jack for a cord is at the back, but there is no cord.
A mark on the front of the machine reads: Lloyd’s Accumatic 680. A label on the back reads in part: LLOYD’S (/) Model No. E680-3 (/) Series: 260A. It also reads in part MADE IN TAIWAN. The interior of the calculator has a single circuit board which has a mark on the bottom that reads: 5212232. A mark on the top of the circuit board reads: CA2486-03 K1. The chip by Texas Instruments has a mark that reads: TMC1073NL (/) KSLP 7736. The “7736” indicates that the chip was made in the 36th week of 1977.
Compare the Radio Shack EC-2001 (1986.0998.007) and Unisonic XL-101 (1986.0988.004). Radio Shack advertised the EC-2001 in American newspapers as early as 1978 and as late as 1985. For the power supply for this calculator, see 1986.0988.377.
References:
[advertisement], Boston Globe, December 5, 1978, p. 15.
[advertisement], New York Times, March 21, 1985, p. A22.
These advertisements are for the Radio Shack version of the calculator.
Location
Currently not on view
date made
ca 1978
maker
Lloyd's Electronics
ID Number
1986.0988.006
catalog number
1986.0988.006
accession number
1986.0988
This small desktop electronic calculator has an array of nine digit keys with a zero bar and a decimal point key below. A total key is on the left, and keys for the arithmetic functions and for cancellation are on the right.
Description
This small desktop electronic calculator has an array of nine digit keys with a zero bar and a decimal point key below. A total key is on the left, and keys for the arithmetic functions and for cancellation are on the right. Behind the keyboard is a 10-digit vacuum fluorescent display.
The bottom has a cavity that holds five batteries and a red ribbon (the calculator presently has no batteries). A jack for a cord is at the back, but the cord is lacking.
A mark on the front of the machine reads: SPERRY REMINGTON 1005B. A mark on the bottom reads: SPERRY REMINGTON (/) TM (/) BATTERY SUPPLY 1.5Vx5 (/) or use AC ADAPTOR AD-4160 (/) 1W (/) MODEL 1005-B Made in Japan. A tag inside the lid for the battery case reads: 2101730.
Compare Casio-101U. An advertisement for the Casio 101U appeared in New York State in 1975.
References:
Guy Ball and Bruce Flamm, The Complete Collector’s Guide to Pocket Calculators, Tustin, Calif.: Wilson/Barnett Publishing, 1997, pp. 147–148.
For images of the Casio-101U, see the casio-calculator.com museum.
[Advertisement], The Courier, Clinton, New York, April 16, 1975, p. 8.
Location
Currently not on view
date made
ca 1975
maker
Sperry Rand Corporation
ID Number
1986.0988.069
catalog number
1986.0988.069
accession number
1986.0988
This lightweight, non-printing electronic calculator has an array of nine digit keys with a slightly larger 0 key and a decimal point key below these. On the right are keys for arithmetic operations. On the left are K, clear, and clear entry keys.
Description
This lightweight, non-printing electronic calculator has an array of nine digit keys with a slightly larger 0 key and a decimal point key below these. On the right are keys for arithmetic operations. On the left are K, clear, and clear entry keys. The tubes above the keyboard show results up to ten digits in length.
A mark above the display on the right reads: ELETAC10. A sticker attached above the display on the left reads: Ultima. Letters attached to the front left read: MUDEN. A tag attached to the bottom reads: ELECTRONIC CALCULATOR (/) ELETAC 10. It also reads: SERIAL NO. 320636 (/) Ultima Electronics, Ltd. (/) Made in Japan.
Removing four screws from the bottom of the machine releases the cover. One circuit board is at the base, one holds the tubes that make up the display, and one lies under the keyboard. The calculator chip on the base has a Texas Instruments logo and reads: TMS0118NC (/) C7339. The "7339" is date code that refers to the 39th week of 1973, which is when the chip was manufactured.
A February 13, 1973, article in the New York Times lists Muden as one of several companies that sold electronic calculators. On August 17, 1976, Ultima Electronics, Ltd., in Melville, N.Y., filed trademarks for MUDEN (first used in commerce in the United States in June of 1976) and ULTIMA (first used in commerce in the United States in October of 1975). These trademarks were registered in 1978. By 1989 Ultima Electronics was in Taiwan. As the Eletac 10 never gained wide sales, it seems likely that this example was sold about 1976.
References:
R.Metz, “Market Place,” New York Times, February 9, 1973, p. 46.
Images of another example of this machine, with detailed photographs, are at http://www.devidts.com/be-calc/, accessed April 2, 2013.
Yet another example of this machine, with a related Japanese advertisement, is in the Japanese virtual calculator museum at http://www.dentaku-museum.com/, accessed April 2, 2013.
Location
Currently not on view
date made
ca 1976
maker
Ultima Electronics, Ltd.
ID Number
1986.0988.001
catalog number
1986.0988.001
accession number
1986.0988
This lightweight, non-printing electronic calculator has an array of nine digit keys at the center, with a zero bar and a decimal point key below these. On the right are arithmetic and clear keys.
Description
This lightweight, non-printing electronic calculator has an array of nine digit keys at the center, with a zero bar and a decimal point key below these. On the right are arithmetic and clear keys. On the left are percentage, percent change, gross profit margin, item count, clear memory, recall memory, memory subtraction, and memory addition keys. Above the keys are switches between a floating and a fixed decimal point, a constant switch, and a power switch. Behind is a ten-digit vacuum fluorescent diode display. A cabinet has space for two D batteries. A jack for a cord is at the back but there is no cord.
A mark on the front of the machine reads: Radio Shack. A label on the back reads: CAT. NO. 65-660 (/) MODEL EC-2001 (/) Radio Shack, A DIVISION (/) OF TANDY CORPORATION. It also reads: S/NO. 430793 4A2 (/) MADE IN TAIWAN. The interior of the calculator has a single circuit board which has a mark that reads: J (/) 5729 (/) K. The chip by Texas Instruments has a mark that reads: TMC1073NL (/) MBS 8205 (/) PHILLIPINES.
Radio Shack advertised the EC-2001 in American newspapers as early as 1978 and as late as 1985. The regular price in 1978 was $29.95.
Compare the Lloyd’s Accumatic E680-3 (1986.0998.006) and Unisonic XL-101 (1986.0988.004).
References:
[advertisement], Boston Globe, December 5, 1978, p. 15.
[advertisement], New York Times, March 21, 1985, p. A22.
date made
1978-1985
maker
Tandy Corporation
ID Number
1986.0988.007
catalog number
1986.0988.007
accession number
1986.0988
This small, printing desktop electronic calculator has an array of nine digit keys with zero, decimal and equal keys below. On the right are for keys for arithmetic functions. Right of these are reverse sign, percentage, subtotal (diamond), and total (*) keys.
Description
This small, printing desktop electronic calculator has an array of nine digit keys with zero, decimal and equal keys below. On the right are for keys for arithmetic functions. Right of these are reverse sign, percentage, subtotal (diamond), and total (*) keys. Immediately to the left of the digit keys are memory total, memory subtotal, memory minus, and memory plus keys. Left of these are a paper feed (up arrow) key, a non-add printing and date printing key, a clear key, and a CE (clear entry?) key. Above the keys are a decimal point selector switch, a round-off selector switch, an item count print switch, a non-print switch, and a mark up, mark down key. The power switch is on the left side.
Behind the keyboard is a ten-digit display. Behind this is a paper tape and printing mechanism. The paper tape folds forward for carrying, and back to display the results. With the paper tape open, the dimensions are 9 cm. h. x 12 cm. w. x 27.3 cm. d.
A mark in back of the display reads: Unisonic XL-110. A mark on the back reads in part: Unisonic XL-110. In both of these marks, there is an indication that Unisonic is a registered trademark. It also reads in part: SERIAL NO. 90502020 MADE IN JAPAN. A case on the right side of the bottom holds four batteries. A jack for attaching to an “AC adaptor” is at the back.
The North American Foreign Trading Corporation of New York City, N.Y., first used the trademark Unisonic in 1968 for vacuum tubes, resistors and other electronic devices. In 1972 it extended the trademark to include calculators, receiving the registration in 1975.
Compare other Unisonic electronic calculators, 1986.0988.003 and 1986.0988.004.
Reference:
Unisonic Products Corporation, "Unisonic XL-15 Operating Instructions," Japan, no date.
date made
ca 1975
maker
Unisonic Products Corporation
ID Number
1986.0988.005
catalog number
1986.0988.005
accession number
1986.0988
This small, printing desktop electronic calculator has an array of nine digit keys with zero and decimal point keys below. On the right are four keys for arithmetic functions. Right of these are print, percentage, memory recall/memory clear, and clear entry/total keys.
Description
This small, printing desktop electronic calculator has an array of nine digit keys with zero and decimal point keys below. On the right are four keys for arithmetic functions. Right of these are print, percentage, memory recall/memory clear, and clear entry/total keys. Above the keys are a print switch, a summation switch, and a constant switch. The power switch is on the right side.
Behind the keyboard is a nine-digit display. Behind this is a paper tape and printing mechanism.
A mark behind the display reads: Unisonic XL 111. A mark on the back reads in part: Unisonic Model No. XL-111. There is no indication that Unisonic is a registered trademark. It also reads in part: Serial No. 70713560 (/) Unisonic Products Corporation (/) Made in Hong Kong. A case on the right side of the bottom is designed to hold five rechargeable nickel-cadmium batteries. A jack for attaching to an AC adapter is at the back.
The North American Foreign Trading Corporation of New York City, N.Y., first used the trademark Unisonic in 1968 for vacuum tubes, resistors and other electronic devices. In 1972 it extended the trademark to include calculators, receiving the registration in 1975.
Compare other Unisonic electronic calculators, 1986.0988.003, 1986.0988.004, and 1986.0988.005.
Location
Currently not on view
date made
ca 1972-1975
maker
Unisonic Products Corporation
ID Number
1986.0988.120
accession number
1986.0988
catalog number
1986.0988.120
This compact desktop electronic calculator has a metal and plastic case with seventeen indented keys, most of them square. The 0, addition/total, and subtraction/difference keys are twice the size of the other keys.
Description
This compact desktop electronic calculator has a metal and plastic case with seventeen indented keys, most of them square. The 0, addition/total, and subtraction/difference keys are twice the size of the other keys. In addition to the rectangular keys, there are nine other digit keys, a decimal point key, a multiplication key, a division key, a clear entry key, and a clear key. Above the keys is a constant switch, a switch to set the location of the decimal point, an on button, and an off button. Behind the keyboard is an eight-digit blue vacuum fluorescent display with another place for setting the sign. Text behind the display reads: SOUNDESIGN 8300.
The back of the calculator has a compartment at the top for four C (1.5 V) batteries. A sticker inside it reads: 19053-K0202. The “3” is largely effaced and the K is in red.
Below the compartment is a sticker with instructions. It reads at the top: SOUNDESIGN 8300 MACH II. It reads at the bottom: Made in Japan.
A jack for a power adapter is along the back edge, but this example has no adapter.
The calculator has a zippered plastic carrying case with a handle. A mark on the front reads: SOUNDESIGN.
References:
Guy Ball and Bruce Flamm, The Complete Collector’s Guide to Pocket Calculators, Tustin, CA: Wilson/Barnett, 1997, p. 145. They indicate that the calculator was on sale for $99 in 1973.
John R. Free, “PS Buyer’s Guide to Under-$100 Electronic Calculators,” Popular Science, March, 1973, pp. 86–88, 156. Page 156 indicates that the price of the calculator was $99. It was sold by Soundesign Realtone of Jersey City, New Jersey, a company that also sold radios.
Location
Currently not on view
date made
ca 1973
maker
Soundesign
ID Number
1986.0988.009
catalog number
1986.0988.009
accession number
1986.0988
This two-color ribbon is for a Monroe EPIC 3000 electronic calculator, with its paper box.
Description
This two-color ribbon is for a Monroe EPIC 3000 electronic calculator, with its paper box. One feature of the machine highly touted in advertisements was its ability to print entries and results of calculations, unlike some other electronic calculators.
For related objects, see the rest of accession 1983.0471.
Location
Currently not on view
date made
1966
ID Number
1983.0471.02
accession number
1983.0471
catalog number
1983.0471.02
This compact, nonprinting desktop electronic calculator has a black plastic case and gray keyboard. At the center of the keyboard is an array of nine digit keys with a zero bar and a decimal point key below. On the right are keys for arithmetic functions and memory.
Description
This compact, nonprinting desktop electronic calculator has a black plastic case and gray keyboard. At the center of the keyboard is an array of nine digit keys with a zero bar and a decimal point key below. On the right are keys for arithmetic functions and memory. On the left are clearance, total and percentage keys. Behind the keyboard are tubes for the twelve-digit display. On the right side is an on/off switch. This example lacks a power cord.
A tag on the bottom reads in part: Casio 121-E. It also reads: SERIAL NO. B 706848 (/) CASIO COMPUTER CO., LTD. MADE IN JAPAN. Another tag reads: QCNo. Q 7470. A piece of tape on the bottom reads: 5/13/74. A tag on the back reads: FOR SERVICE CALL (/) FOREMOST BUSINESS MACHINE CO. (/) 871-0053 MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA.
The approximate date of 1974 is taken from the tape on the bottom of the machine.
Location
Currently not on view
date made
ca 1974
maker
Casio Computer Company, Ltd.
ID Number
1986.0988.002
catalog number
1986.0988.002
accession number
1986.0988
This lightweight, non-printing electronic calculator has an array of nine digit keys at the center with a zero bar and a decimal point key below these. On the right are arithmetic and clear keys.
Description
This lightweight, non-printing electronic calculator has an array of nine digit keys at the center with a zero bar and a decimal point key below these. On the right are arithmetic and clear keys. On the left are percentage, percent change, gross profit margin, item count, clear memory, recall memory, memory subtraction, and memory addition keys. A switch between a floating and a fixed decimal point, a constant switch, and a power switch are above the keyboard. Behind is a ten-digit vacuum fluorescent diode display. A cabinet has space for two D batteries. A hole for a cord is at the back, but there is no cord.
A mark on the front of the machine reads: Unisonic XL-101. A label on the back reads in part: Unisonic XL-101 (/) 10-DIGIT DESK-TOP (/) ELECTRONIC CALCULATOR. It also reads in part: SERIAL NO. 055588 (/)MADE IN TAIWAN. The bottom of the keyboard is stamped: 53 3 24. The interior of the calculator has a single circuit board with a mark on the bottom that reads: 5212232. A mark on the top of the base of the keyboard reads: CA-24 A-1. The chip by Texas Instruments has a mark that reads: TMC1073NL (/) KSLP 814. The “7814” indicates that the chip was made in the 14th week of 1978.
The device has a black plastic cover marked: Unisonic.
Compare the Radio Shack EC-2001 (1986.0998.007) and Lloyd’s Accumatic 680 (1986.0988.006). Radio Shack advertised the EC-2001 in American newspapers as early as 1978 and as late as 1985. Ads for the Unisonic XL-101 appeared in 1979 and 1980. Prices for the Unisonic XL-101 ranged from $19.70 to $29.95
References:
[advertisement], Boston Globe,February 25, 1979, p. 23.
[advertisement], Washington Post, March 13, 1980, p. A16.
Location
Currently not on view
date made
ca 1978
maker
Unisonic Products Corporation
ID Number
1986.0988.004
catalog number
1986.0988.004
accession number
1986.0988
By 1980 compact printing electronic calculators like this one offered an inexpensive alternative for businesses and individuals doing arithmetic.
Description
By 1980 compact printing electronic calculators like this one offered an inexpensive alternative for businesses and individuals doing arithmetic. The compact, lightweight, printing desktop electronic calculator has an array of nine digit keys with a 0 key, a decimal point key, and a percentage key below this. Further keys are for arithmetic functions, memory, and cancellation.The print switch is directly in front of the 11-digit display. Behind the display is the printing unit. It's paper tape is 4 cm. (1.5 inches) wide.The printer uses regular paper.
The device is tagged on the front: Canon P7-D. A mark stamped into the base at the back reads: 795333. A plastic tag in front of this reads: Canon P7-D. It also reads: JAPAN. The calculator operates either from nickel-cadmium batteries or through an adapter. No adapter is present.
The Japanese firm of Canon Incorporated introduced a printing electronic calculator, the P10-D, in 1978. This is a lighter version of that machine, with a narrower paper tape, that apparently was introduced in the United States by early 1980. It sold for about $75. In mid-1980 Canon advertised that it sold five versions of its “printer display” or “PalmPrinter” electronic calculators. At least three of these, including the P7-D, were still on sale in 1985.
References:
[Advertisement], Popular Science, 212, #3, March 1978, p.23. This is an advertisement for the P10-D.
[Advertisement], Los Angeles Times, January 17, 1980, p. E5.
[Advertisement], Chicago Tribune, January 20, 1980, p. N A10.
Suzanne Slesin, “Home Beat,” The New York Times, January 31, 1980, p. C3.
[Advertisement], Popular Science, 216, #7, July, 1980, pp. 38–39.
[Advertisement], Los Angeles Times, May 17, 1985, p. D5.
Location
Currently not on view
date made
ca 1980
maker
Canon, Inc.
ID Number
1986.0988.203
catalog number
1986.0988.203
accession number
1986.0988
This compact, light desktop printing electronic calculator has an array of nine light gray digit keys at the center, with a zero bar and decimal point key below this. On the left are clear, percentage, division, multiplication, and equals keys.
Description
This compact, light desktop printing electronic calculator has an array of nine light gray digit keys at the center, with a zero bar and decimal point key below this. On the left are clear, percentage, division, multiplication, and equals keys. On the right are total, #/S, subtraction, and addition keys. Above the digit keys are memory, F/A, and arrow keys. Behind the keys is a paper tape to print entries and results on special thermosensitive paper. This is the only display of entries and results.
A mark behind the printer reads: TI-5050M. A mark at the front reads: TEXAS INSTRUMENTS. A mark on the bottom reads: TEXAS INSTRUMENTS (/) electronic calculator (/) MODEL TI-5050M (/) SERIAL NO. (/) 9418428 MTA5078 (/) ASSEMBLED IN USA. Below this is a list of patent numbers that range from 3,819,921 to 4,014,013. The dates of these patents range from 1974 to 1977.
Ball and Flamm indicate that the TI-5050M was available in 1976. In 1977 the calculator reportedly sold for $149.95. In 1980, it was advertised as costing $79.95. The second part of the serial number suggests a 1978 date.
Compare 1987.0487.026.
References:
Guy Ball and Bruce Flamm, The Complete Collector’s Guide to Pocket Calculators, Tustin, Calif.: Wilson/Barnett Publishing, 1997, p. 158.
Hyla Clark and Larry Barandes, “Desktop Calculators That Print Their Results,” Popular Mechanics, vol. 147 #4, April, 1977, pp. 187–189.
[Advertisement], Los Angeles Times, January 12, 1980, p. D4.
Location
Currently not on view
date made
1978
maker
Texas Instruments
ID Number
1986.0988.075
catalog number
1986.0988.075
accession number
1986.0988
In 1966, Monroe International, Inc., a descendent of the Monroe Calculating Machine Company and a division of Litton Industries, introduced its EPIC electronic programmable printing calculator.
Description
In 1966, Monroe International, Inc., a descendent of the Monroe Calculating Machine Company and a division of Litton Industries, introduced its EPIC electronic programmable printing calculator. The device includes a desktop keyboard and printing unit, and an attached calculating unit that sits on the floor. It has transistors, but not microprocessors.
At the center of the desktop part of the machine is an array of nine digit keys with a 0 bar below it. To the right of these keys are function keys for the four arithmetic operations as well as a square root key and enter and print bars. To the left of the digit keys are keys for start, decimal point placement, interchange of the contents of two registers, repeat, and other operations. The printing mechanism is behind the keyboard. It displayed entries as well as the answer. A mark next to the paper tape reads: EPIC 3000. A mark below this reads: MONROE li.
Monroe also sold a similar electronic calculator called the EPIC 2000.
The calculator was given to the Museum by George C. Davis, who apparently used it in work as a consulting engineer in radio and television in Washington, D.C.
References:
Accession file, instructions 1983.0471.03.
Personal Communication, Monroe Systems for Business.
Vintage Calculators Web Museum.
Location
Currently not on view
date made
1966
maker
Monroe International Corporation
ID Number
1983.0471.01
accession number
1983.0471
catalog number
1983.0471.01
This power supply has a black plastic case and a black and white cord. A mark on a silver-colored sticker reads: LLOYD’S (/) MODEL Y204 (/) SERIES 279A (/) ADAPT-O-PAK (/) INPUT: 117 V 60Hz 3W (/) OUTPUT: 9V DC 100mA (/) TAIWAN.
Description
This power supply has a black plastic case and a black and white cord. A mark on a silver-colored sticker reads: LLOYD’S (/) MODEL Y204 (/) SERIES 279A (/) ADAPT-O-PAK (/) INPUT: 117 V 60Hz 3W (/) OUTPUT: 9V DC 100mA (/) TAIWAN. This adapter is used with the Lloyd’s E680-3 desktop electronic calculator (see 1986.0988.006).
Location
Currently not on view
maker
Lloyd's Electronics
ID Number
1986.0988.377
catalog number
1986.0988.377
accession number
1986.0988
This lightweight desktop electronic calculator has a turquoise and gray plastic case, an array of nine digit keys, and a zero bar and decimal point key below the digit keys. Keys for the arithmetic operations, a percent key, an equals key, and a cancel key are right of these.
Description
This lightweight desktop electronic calculator has a turquoise and gray plastic case, an array of nine digit keys, and a zero bar and decimal point key below the digit keys. Keys for the arithmetic operations, a percent key, an equals key, and a cancel key are right of these. The liquid crystal display is behind the keys, and the power switch is on the side. The calculator has prongs for a cord but no cord. It has a clear plastic cover.
A stamp on the bottom of the inside of the case reads: 111772.
A mark above and behind the display reads: Sears C1. A sticker on the bottom reads in part: MODEL (/) NUMBER 801.58000 (/) CALCULATOR (/) # 142329. It also reads in part: ASSEMBLED IN MEXICO.
Sears reportedly first sold an electronic calculator in 1972. An advertisement for the C1 appeared in the Boston Globe in January of 1973, listing the machine as on sale for $89.88, $10.07 off the usual price of $99.95. The ad indicates that the calculator had an eight-digit capacity.
References:
“Sears Catalog Geared to Special Customers,” Chicago Daily Defender, January 15, 1972, p. 16.
[display ad], Boston Globe, January 21, 1973, p. A6.
Location
Currently not on view
date made
ca 1972
maker
Sears, Roebuck and Co.
ID Number
1986.0988.008
catalog number
1986.0988.008
accession number
1986.0988
This compact Japanese electronic calculator straddles the border between desktop and pocket calculators. It is too large to fit in the pocket but considerably more compact than Sharp’s QT-8B.
Description
This compact Japanese electronic calculator straddles the border between desktop and pocket calculators. It is too large to fit in the pocket but considerably more compact than Sharp’s QT-8B. It does not require a cradle to recharge batteries.
The calculator has an array of nine digit keys, with larger 0 and decimal point keys below. Right of these are a clear key, a key for indicating that multiplication (rather than addition) should be carried out, a key for indication that division (rather than subtraction) should be carried out, and a key for multiplication or division. The machine has an eight digit capacity for all operations. In back of the keyboard is an eight digit display. Above these are alarm and error indicators. A switch is on the side shifts between AC operation, off, and DC operation.
A mark on the front reads: SHARP. A tag on the back reads in part: SHARP MODEL EL-8. It also reads: NO. 006927Y (/) SHARP ELECTRONICS CORPORATION (/) 10 KEYSTONE PLACE, PARAMUS (/) NEW JERSEY 07652 MADE IN JAPAN. An AC adapter comes with the device and is included in the dimensions.
Inside the case are six nickel-cadmium batteries in a case, a calculator circuit board, a display circuit board, and eight tubes for the display. The four integrated circuits on the calculator board were made by North American Rockwell.
The battery case is marked in part: SHARP MODEL EL-84 (/) NICKEL-CADMIUM (/) RECHARGEABLE BATTERY. It also is marked: SHARP CORPORATION OSAKA, JAPAN. Hayakawa Electric adopted the name Sharp Corporation in January of 1970.
The SHARP EL-8 was widely advertised in the United States from early 1971 and sold for $345. This example came to the Museum in 1982.
Compare a slightly earlier Sharp machine, the model QT-8B (2006.0132.22). Also compare three versions of the EL-8 (1982.0656.01, 1981.0922.05, and 1991.0154.01).
References:
Examples of the Sharp EL-8 are discussed online at the Vintage Calculators Web Museum, The Old Calculators Web Museum, John Wolff’s Web Museum and the Datamath Calculator Museum.
Guy Ball and Bruce Flamm, The Complete Collector’s Guide to Pocket Calculators, Tustin, Calif.: Wilson/Barnett Publishing, 1997, pp. 136–137.
J. R. Free, "Microelectronics Shrinks the Calculator," Popular Science, 198 #6, June 1971, pp. 74–76.
“How to Cut a Pocket Calculator in Half,” Electronics, 44. February 1, 1971, no page. An ad for the EL-8 (called the ELSI-8) appeared on pp. 12–13 of this issue.
Location
Currently not on view
date made
ca 1971
maker
Sharp
ID Number
1982.0656.01
catalog number
1982.0656.01
accession number
1982.0656
In the late 1960s and 1970s, desktop electronic calculators replaced mechanical adding and calculating machines. The Nippon Calculating Machine Corporation of Japan sold such machines under the brand name Busicom.
Description
In the late 1960s and 1970s, desktop electronic calculators replaced mechanical adding and calculating machines. The Nippon Calculating Machine Corporation of Japan sold such machines under the brand name Busicom. It also supplied other firms with electronic calculators sold under other names. This is a Busicom electronic calculator sold by the Dayton, Ohio, firm of NCR.
The machine has nine digit keys and a 0 bar. Clear and clear entry keys are left of the digit keys. Keys to the right of the digit keys are for the four arithmetic operations and memory access. Apparently nine or ten digit numbers may be entered, with results of up to twelve digits.
A tag attached at the top reads: NCR. A tag attached to the back reads; NCR (/) Class 18-22. It also reads: THE NATIONAL CASH REGISTER COMPANY. (/) MADE IN JAPAN. It also reads: NO. 1-9940221. This serial number indicates a date of 1972.
Location
Currently not on view
date made
ca 1972
maker
Nippon Electric Co.
ID Number
1987.0339.01
accession number
1987.0339
catalog number
1987.0339.01
This is one of the first electronic calculators assembled from a kit. In the fall of 1969 H. Edward Roberts, an electrical engineer trained at Oklahoma State University who worked for the U.S.
Description
This is one of the first electronic calculators assembled from a kit. In the fall of 1969 H. Edward Roberts, an electrical engineer trained at Oklahoma State University who worked for the U.S. Air Force, founded Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems to build kits for electronic hobbyists. He incorporated the firm in New Mexico in 1970 and moved his focus from building kits for transmitting and receiving measurements over a distance (telemetry) to electronic calculators. Reflecting this shift, he soon shortened the company name to MITS.
In November of 1971, a prototype electronic calculator developed by MITS appeared on the cover of Popular Electronics. MITS hired the journalist and author Forrest M. Mims III to prepare advertising materials and an assembly manual for the production model of the kit. This is the electronic calculator Mims assembled in the course of this work, a MITS 816.
The non-printing calculator has ten digit keys, a decimal key, and a decimal shift key. Left of these are keys for the four arithmetic functions; an equals key; and decimal setting, clear, and clear entry keys. The interior boasts “extra large scale integrated circuitry,” in addition to transistors and other standard electronic parts. Results appear on a row of eight tubes above the keyboard. The power switch is left of the display and a constant switch to the right. A rubber cord extends from the back.
A mark at the center below the display reads: MITS-816. A signature on the bottom reads: ASSEMBLED BY: FORREST M. MIMS, III.
MITS produced other calculators, but dropped out of that business when the price of microprocessors fell sharply. The firm then introduced one of the first microcomputers, the Altair 8800.
References:
Accession File.
MITS, 816, the First and Only Electronic Calculator Kit, 1971.
MITS, Inc., “Offering Circular,” 1973.
Micro instrumentation and Telemetry Systems, Inc. The 816 Electronic Calculator Assembly Instructions, Albuquerque, New Mexico: Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems, 1971.
MITS, 816 Manual, Albuquerque, New Mexico: MITS, 1972.
Location
Currently not on view
date made
1971
maker
Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems
ID Number
1986.0463.02
accession number
1986.0463
catalog number
1986.0463.02
This four-function desktop electronic calculator has a turquoise plastic case with plastic keys in two shades of the same color. The keyboard has an array of nine digit keys with a zero bar and a decimal point key below these.
Description
This four-function desktop electronic calculator has a turquoise plastic case with plastic keys in two shades of the same color. The keyboard has an array of nine digit keys with a zero bar and a decimal point key below these. Above the digit keys are clear entry, clear all, and subtraction keys. On the right is a division key and bars for multiplication and addition. Switches behind the keyboard turn the device on or off and determine the position of the decimal point in result. Behind the switches is an eight-digit display. Behind these is a battery indicator as well as two warning lights, one labeled OFL (for overflow) and the other NEG (for negative numbers).
A case for six AA batteries is on the bottom of the machine. No batteries are present. A jack for a power adapter or cord is at the back, but the adapter is not present.
A mark on the front reads: VICTOR (/) tallymate. A tag in the bottom gives instructions for using the calculator. It reads in part: MODEL – 85 (/) SERIAL NO. 059311 (/) MADE IN JAPAN (/) FOR VICTOR COMPTOMETER BUSINESS MACHINES DIVISION (/) CHICAGO ILLINOIS 60618.
According to the website of Victor Technology, the successor firm to Victor Comptometer, the calculator has a MOS-LSI calculator chip (the TMS0105) from Texas Instruments, and a vacuum fluorescent display module from ISE (DP88F). It was introduced in 1972. A newspaper advertisement from late 1973 gives a price of $79.95. Another ad, from early 1974, lists a sale price of $99.95, down from a regular price of $159.50.
References:
Website of Victor Technology, http://www.victortech.com/.
[Advertisement], Los Angeles Times, December 20, 1973, p. D4.
[Advertisement], New York Times, January 2, 1974, p. 12.
Location
Currently not on view
date made
ca 1973
maker
Victor Comptometer Corporation
ID Number
1986.0988.062
catalog number
1986.0988.062
accession number
1986.0988
This is one of the first fully transistorized electronic calculators. The hefty instrument has an array of nine square plastic digit keys, with a zero bar and a decimal point bar below these.
Description
This is one of the first fully transistorized electronic calculators. The hefty instrument has an array of nine square plastic digit keys, with a zero bar and a decimal point bar below these. In addition to keys for the four arithmetic operations, it has change sign, enter, repeat, clear entry, clear all, store, recall, and overflow lock keys. A decimal point selector dial is on the right.
In entering arithmetic operations into the calculator, one first keys in a number, then pushes the enter key, then keys in the second number, and then pushes the key for the operator (e.g. the + key for addition). This way of representing arithmetic operations is known as reverse Polish notation, and would be used on several electronic calculators.
Behind the keyboard is a cathode ray tube display that shows four rows of numbers. Each line shows 13 digits. If the numbers are smaller, the digits to the left are zeroes. The bottom line of the display shows the answers, and numeric entries as they are entered.
Tags on the front and on the back of the machine read: Friden. A mark on the front next to the display reads: 130 ELECTRONIC CALCULATOR. A mark on the bottom at the front reads: MODEL 130 SER 9479.
The Friden Calculating Machine Company began manufacturing mechanical calculating machines in California in the 1930s. In 1963 Friden was acquired by Singer Company. In August of 1964, the Friden 130 electronic calculator went on the market, selling for $2,150. Within a year, the price was down to $1,695. Friden soon introduced the 132 electronic calculator, which took square roots.
References:
W. D. Smith, “Electronic Calculators Gaining,” New York Times, August 7, 1965, p. 25, 27.
[advertisement], Science, n.s. vol. 151, no. 3708 (21 January 1966), p. 367.
Mathematics for the Space Age: The Totally New Friden 130 Electronic Calculator, undated advertising booklet.
An extensive discussion of the development of the Friden 130 is at the Old Calculators Web Museum.
Location
Currently not on view
date made
1964
maker
Friden, Inc.
ID Number
CI.334377
catalog number
334377
accession number
313935
This is a prototype for a non-printing desktop electronic calculator made by Sony Corporation of Japan. It has an array of nine digit keys, with a zero bar and a decimal point key below these. The keyboard also includes keys for the four arithmetic operations and an equals key.
Description
This is a prototype for a non-printing desktop electronic calculator made by Sony Corporation of Japan. It has an array of nine digit keys, with a zero bar and a decimal point key below these. The keyboard also includes keys for the four arithmetic operations and an equals key. The machine also has an on/off switch, a clear key, and an “attention” light on the left and five further keys on the right. Behind is a display for the answer. The machine shows result up to ten digits long in ten tubes.
A mark on the front left of the machine reads: SONY. A mark on the back reads: SONY ELECTRONIC CALCULATOR (/) MODEL MD-6 NO. 7K282214.
A slightly earlier Sony prototype calculator was exhibited at the World Electronics Show in New York in the latter part of March 1964, and the Japanese Pavilion at the New York World Exposition opening in April. Early engineering drawings for the MD-6 are dated July 18, 1964.
References:
Accession File
Documentation received as part of accession 313986.
Location
Currently not on view
date made
1964
maker
Sony Corporation of America
ID Number
CI.334388
accession number
313986
catalog number
334388

Our collection database is a work in progress. We may update this record based on further research and review. Learn more about our approach to sharing our collection online.

If you would like to know how you can use content on this page, see the Smithsonian's Terms of Use. If you need to request an image for publication or other use, please visit Rights and Reproductions.