Food

Photo of McCall's Cheese

Part of a nation's history lies in what people eat. Artifacts at the Museum document the history of food in the United States from farm machinery to diet fads.

More than 1,300 pieces of stoneware and earthenware show how Americans have stored, prepared, and served food for centuries. Ovens, cookie cutters, kettles, aprons, and ice-cream-making machines are part of the collections, along with home canning jars and winemaking equipment. More than 1,000 objects recently came to the Museum when author and cooking show host Julia Child donated her entire kitchen, from appliances to cookbooks.

Advertising and business records of several food companies—such as Hills Brothers Coffee, Pepsi Cola, and Campbell's Soup—represent the commercial side of the subject

Alpha-Numeric Chocolate Mold

This single piece, metal chocolate mold contains 50 blocks forming a single bar, each block is inscribed with one letter or number.Molds began appearing in the late 1840s to early 1850s in Europe. In the late 1880s, U.S.
Description (Brief)
This single piece, metal chocolate mold contains 50 blocks forming a single bar, each block is inscribed with one letter or number.
Description
Molds began appearing in the late 1840s to early 1850s in Europe. In the late 1880s, U.S. companies began manufacturing chocolate molds, but Germany remained the largest supplier to the U.S. until the early 1900s. During the First World War, U.S. firms began to gain more ground against their European counterparts.
The design of molds often followed the trends of the time. The “classic period” of 1880-1910 consisted of very realistic pieces made to resemble an object as closely as possible. Chocolatiers would often set up small vignettes depicting a complicated scene. These were time consuming and painstakingly complicated. From 1910-1930, molds were redesigned to be simpler and rounder in appearance. Fantasy began replacing realism. The mechanical design of the molds also began to change to accommodate changes in technology, such as new rotary machines that were developed to spin multiple molds at the same time to evenly distribute the chocolate.
Location
Currently not on view
ID Number
AG.76-FT-04.0014B
catalog number
76-FT-04.0014
accession number
315132

Apple Crate Label

Labels are an important marketing device.
Description (Brief)
Labels are an important marketing device. They often go beyond merely identifying contents and are designed to help establish brand distinction and generate customer loyalty for a largely interchangeable product.
This apple crate label was used by Spark’s Orchards during the beginning of the 20th century. Spark’s Orchards was based in Wenatchee, Washington, a region that was well known for its apple production, especially in the early 1900s.
Location
Currently not on view
referenced business
Sparks Orchards
ID Number
1979.0441.010
accession number
1979.0441
catalog number
1979.0441.010

Glass Relish Dish

Currently not on view
Location
Currently not on view
date made
c. 1940s
date designed
1940
date produced
ca. 1945
maker
Federal Glass Company
Kogan, Belle
ID Number
1992.0257.04
catalog number
1992.0257.04
accession number
1992.0257

Plantation Mint Straws Candy Tin

This white, cylindrical tin with green and pink writing and a pink design once contained Plantation Mint Straws, made by Plantation Chocolate Company of Philadelphia.Sweet treats have been a part of the human diet nearly since the beginning of human existence.
Description
This white, cylindrical tin with green and pink writing and a pink design once contained Plantation Mint Straws, made by Plantation Chocolate Company of Philadelphia.
Sweet treats have been a part of the human diet nearly since the beginning of human existence. The type of treat has changed over time, but human desire for sweetness has not. Candy can be hard or chewy, may or may not contain chocolate and can be sweet or sour. Sugar cane was introduced to Europeans when crusaders brought the substance back from the Middle East, and it was with these Europeans that sugar gained its highly prized status as an art form and a gift to be given away on special occasions. A status that persists to this day when a suitor gives their beloved chocolate for Valentine’s Day.
At one time, small family owned confectionary shops dominated the American landscape. Opening a candy making business was a relatively low cost investment, all one needed was a kitchen and a basket to sell their treats from on the street. As demand grew, they could grow their business. Today, many of these small businesses have been absorbed into large corporations who command a much greater market power. Breath mints gained popularity because of how they felt cool and refreshing in the mouth while also freshening one’s breath. Peppermint was also considered a digestive aid, and mint leaves and breath mints were often chewed after a meal.
Location
Currently not on view
ID Number
AG.77-FT-15.0292
catalog number
77-FT-15.0292
accession number
283681

Caster

Mallet-shaped caster with projecting, tapered band at bottom and screwed-on, tall, cylindrical, perforated cover having an ovoid finial, seven columns of five pierced holes, and rounded rim.
Description
Mallet-shaped caster with projecting, tapered band at bottom and screwed-on, tall, cylindrical, perforated cover having an ovoid finial, seven columns of five pierced holes, and rounded rim. Conforming, glazed white earthenware cup inserted in tapered conical lower half; underside is covered by a slightly raised metal disk and bottom edges of body folded under to hold in place. No marks.
Location
Currently not on view
date made
1840 - 1850
ID Number
DL.391782C
catalog number
391782C
accession number
71679

Chemical Shipping Crate

This shipping crate side originally contained embalming fluid manufactured by the Dodge Chemical Company of Boston, Massachusetts during the early 20th century. The Dodge Chemical Company was founded in 1893 by A.
Description (Brief)
This shipping crate side originally contained embalming fluid manufactured by the Dodge Chemical Company of Boston, Massachusetts during the early 20th century. The Dodge Chemical Company was founded in 1893 by A. Johnson Dodge, who also established a permanent embalming school called the New England Institute of Anatomy, Sanitary Science, and Embalming. The Dodge Chemical Company continues to this day as a manufacturer of embalming fluids.
Location
Currently not on view
referenced business
Dodge Chemical Company
ID Number
1979.0441.361
catalog number
1979.0441.361
accession number
1979.0441

Coffee Cup Lid

This is a Dixie pucker style coffee cup lid. Pucker type lids require the drinker to place his or her mouth over a protrusion with a hole in it. With these lids, the drinker does not drink directly from the cup—mouths do not make contact with the rim of the cup.
Description
This is a Dixie pucker style coffee cup lid. Pucker type lids require the drinker to place his or her mouth over a protrusion with a hole in it. With these lids, the drinker does not drink directly from the cup—mouths do not make contact with the rim of the cup. Instead, one drinks from only the lid. The design of this lid is very similar to object number 2012.3047.18, DL9540 that is covered by patent number D379928, assigned to the James River Corporation on June 17, 1997.
Architects and collectors Louise Harpman and Scott Specht donated 56 plastic cup lids to the National Museum of American History in 2012. Their donation is a sample from their much larger collection of “independently patented drink-through plastic cup lids,” which they began in 1984 and discussed in a 2005 essay, “Inventory / Peel, Pucker, Pinch, Puncture,” in Cabinet Magazine: http://www.cabinetmagazine.org/issues/19/harpman.php. The collectors’ categorization scheme reflects the primary way the lid design functions, which helps differentiate between the varieties and styles of lids.
Plastic, disposable coffee cup lids and other single-use food packages reinforce the social acceptability of eating and drinking on the go in the United States and reflect increasing expectation for convenience products. Cup lids are also examples of how humble, and even disposable, objects are sometimes the result of meticulous engineering. Patents for lid innovations describe peel-back tabs and the pucker-type shapes that make room for mouths and noses, and describe the nuances of “heat retention,” “mouth comfort,” “splash reduction,” “friction fit,” and “one-handed activation.”
ID Number
2012.3047.20
catalog number
2012.3047.20
nonaccession number
2012.3047

jar

Currently not on view
Location
Currently not on view
ID Number
CE.292199.8
accession number
292199
catalog number
292199.8

Classic Bundt Pan

Nordic Ware, a family-owned manufacturing firm in Minneapolis, Minnesota, was founded in 1946 by brothers Dave and Mark Dalquist, as “Plastics for Industry.” In 1950, the brothers bought Northland Aluminum Products, a small firm with a line of “Nordic Ware” products including gri
Description (Brief)
Nordic Ware, a family-owned manufacturing firm in Minneapolis, Minnesota, was founded in 1946 by brothers Dave and Mark Dalquist, as “Plastics for Industry.” In 1950, the brothers bought Northland Aluminum Products, a small firm with a line of “Nordic Ware” products including griddles and steak platters. The same year, Dave Dalquist created a cast aluminum, fluted cake pan and trademarked it as the “Bundt” pan. The company continued to grow its product line to include specialty baking and cookware items, including the microwave turntable. Nordic Ware is notable due to its history of product innovation through engineering, and its continued production of cookware in the United States.
Nordic Ware manufactured this Classic Bundt Pan in the early 2000s as an attempt to reinvigorate the pan’s past commercial success. The traditional Bundt pan’s popularity rose after one was used to bake the “Tunnel of Fudge” cake that was awarded second prize in the 1966 Pillsbury bake-off. Subsequently, Pillsbury and Nordic Ware paired up to sell Bundt cake mixes and pans with great success.
Location
Currently not on view
maker
Nordic Ware
ID Number
2007.0034.21
catalog number
2007.0034.21
accession number
2007.0034

Tobacco Shipping Crate

This side portion of a Liggett and Myers Tobacco Company shipping crate is imprinted with the company’s Star trademark. Liggett and Myers had been in the tobacco business since 1822, and incorporated in 1873 in St. Louis, Missouri.
Description (Brief)
This side portion of a Liggett and Myers Tobacco Company shipping crate is imprinted with the company’s Star trademark. Liggett and Myers had been in the tobacco business since 1822, and incorporated in 1873 in St. Louis, Missouri. By 1885 Liggett and Myers was the largest manufacturer of plug tobacco, a molasses-sweetened form of chewing tobacco sold under their “Star” brand.
Location
Currently not on view
referenced business
Liggett & Myers Tobacco Company
ID Number
1979.0441.148
accession number
1979.0441
catalog number
1979.0441.148

James Remind-O-Clock Timer

The brainchild of cab driver Henry C. James, Jr., the James Remind-O-Clock was a useful innovation for people in various industries, from hotels to taxi services to laboratories.
Description
The brainchild of cab driver Henry C. James, Jr., the James Remind-O-Clock was a useful innovation for people in various industries, from hotels to taxi services to laboratories. The electric clock’s unique feature is its mechanism for allowing multiple alarms for a single event, such as a laboratory experiment that requires the timing of various steps. The 48 small keys located around the face of the clock could be set to ring a maximum of 48 alarms or ‘reminders’ at one setting. James established the James Clock Manufacturing Co. in Oakland in 1933, and produced and patented this model in 1937 (Patent number 2,098,965).
Enologist Andre Tchelistcheff used this Bakelite-housed “Remind-O-Clock,” to time various experiments and processes in his winery laboratories in California’s Napa Valley. Tchelistcheff made significant contributions to the wine industry, helping to improve techniques and raise standards for winemaking in the postwar period. He helped many winemakers improve their operations by adopting the practices of sterile filtration, cold fermentation, and attention to yeasts.
Andre Tchelistcheff was born in Moscow in 1901; he and his family fled the country at the time of the Russian Revolution in 1917. After receiving his degree in agricultural science at the University of Brno in Czechoslovakia, he moved to Paris, where he was employed at the Institute of National Agronomy outside the city. While there he was contacted in 1937 by Georges de Latour, of Napa Valley’s Beaulieu Vineyards (BV). Latour was searching for a highly qualified wine chemist to help improve the stability and quality of BV’s premium wines, which had recently suffered the disastrous effects of microbiological spoilage and volatile acidity.
When he arrived in Napa in 1938, just five years after the repeal of Prohibition, Tchelistcheff was struck by the primitive conditions of winegrowing and winemaking. It took him several years to improve the winemaking at BV by upgrading equipment and controlling fermentation processes. He also worked in the vineyards, with, in his words, “the voice of nature.” Tchelistcheff was committed to the idea of community and promoted the sharing of both technical data and philosophical musings among the people trying to rebuild the wine industry. He also maintained close relationships with the scientists and scholars of viticulture and enology at the University of California at Davis.
After he left BV in 1973, Tchelistcheff became a consultant, serving dozens of California wineries old and new. He also played a key role in developing the modern wine industry in Washington State. In 1991 Tchelistcheff rejoined Beaulieu as consulting enologist. He died in the Napa Valley in 1994.
maker
James Clock Mfg. Co.
ID Number
2011.0131.02
catalog number
2011.0131.02
accession number
2011.0131
patent number
2098965

Stoneware jar

While this jar is unmarked, it may be one of several in the Museum's collection made by Thomas Commeraw, a free black potter.
Description
While this jar is unmarked, it may be one of several in the Museum's collection made by Thomas Commeraw, a free black potter. Thomas Commeraw established his pottery in the Corlears Hook neighborhood of lower Manhattan in 1797, successfully competing with well known stoneware makers from the Crolious and Remmey families.
Location
Currently not on view
date made
1797-1819
maker
Commeraw, Thomas
ID Number
1977.0803.115
accession number
1977.0803
catalog number
1977.0803.115

Beer Tap Knob, "Baltimore American Beer"

This chrome tap knob’s dark green face features bright yellow lettering for “Baltimore American Beer.” It was used to mark a tap dispensing beer made by Baltimore’s American Brewery and likely dates to the 1940s.
Description
This chrome tap knob’s dark green face features bright yellow lettering for “Baltimore American Beer.” It was used to mark a tap dispensing beer made by Baltimore’s American Brewery and likely dates to the 1940s. The metal stem of the knob includes the manufacturer’s name and location: “Robbins, Attleboro, Mass.”
Decorative knobs, handles, and pulls identifying the particular brands of beer on tap are now a familiar part of the visual landscape in bars and taverns. Following the repeal of Prohibition in 1933, states took up regulating the sale of alcoholic beverages in their jurisdictions and the beer tap was one common area of concern. Without clear branding, unscrupulous bartenders could serve cheap beer at a premium price, and customers would not have been certain of which beer they were buying. Brewing companies produced distinctive tap knobs, which not only met the requirement to identify the brand on tap, but also helped market their beer at the point of sale.
Christian Heurich, Sr., the brewery’s founder, was born in Germany in 1842. As a young man, he learned to make lager beer from master brewers in Bavaria and Vienna, Austria. In 1866, Heurich left Germany to join his sister in Baltimore, where a thriving community of German immigrants had already established breweries and other businesses. Three years later, he and Paul Ritter, a Baltimore brewer, decided to open a brewery in Washington, D.C. In 1872, they rented a building in downtown Washington and while Ritter handled the books and advertising, Heurich brewed the barley-based lager he had learned to make in Europe. When the partnership fell apart, Heurich bought Ritter’s share and began running the business on his own, making a light lager called “Senate” and a darker brew called “Maerzen” (a style of beer named for the month of March, when it is traditionally brewed).
Twice a widower, Heurich had four children with his third wife, including a son, Christian Heurich, Jr., born in 1901. Heurich and his family were among the leading citizens of Washington, D.C., and as he built and opened a new brewery and bottling plant in 1895, he also built a large home near DuPont Circle. Heurich’s real estate investments helped alleviate the financial impact of Prohibition (which lasted from 1920 to 1933), but he also turned to selling ice, which helped keep his brewery workers employed during the dry years. After Repeal, Heurich reopened his brewery, producing Senate Beer as his flagship brand, and Senate Ale, Senate Bock, Heurich Lager, and Maerzen Beer as well. Other local brewers never recovered from Prohibition and, by 1939, Heurich was the only brewer left in Washington, D.C.
At Heurich’s death in 1945, his son took over the brewery. Although he had been involved in helping his father rebuild after the repeal of Prohibition, Christian, Jr., was a businessman, not a brewer. He introduced an Old Georgetown brand, and reintroduced a lager made from his father’s original recipe. Still, in the 1950s, as competition from large, national corporations increased, small, local breweries were closing across the country. In 1956, the Christian Heurich Brewing Company brewed its last beer.
This beer tap knob is part of a large collection of brewing material donated to the museum in 1967 by former brewmaster Walter Voigt, of Ruxton, Maryland, near Baltimore. Voigt’s collection consists of objects and archival materials reflecting the history of brewing in the mid-Atlantic region between 1870 and the beginnings of consolidation and large-scale, industrial production in the 1960s. His correspondence reveals an interest in preserving the history of brewing in America before brewmasters were “replaced by chemical engineers and highly trained chemists in modern laboratories.” Voigt’s papers are housed in the museum’s Archives Center, Collection #ACNMAH 1195, “Walter H. Voigt Brewing Industry Collection, 1935-1967.”
Location
Currently not on view
ID Number
AG.MHI-M-9472.07
catalog number
MHI-M-9472
accession number
276730

Spoon

Old English serving spoon with pointed oval bowl and rounded downturned handle with midrib on back and foliate script "C" engraved on front; no shoulders. Swage-formed drop on back of bowl.
Description
Old English serving spoon with pointed oval bowl and rounded downturned handle with midrib on back and foliate script "C" engraved on front; no shoulders. Swage-formed drop on back of bowl. Struck on back of handle with maker's mark "C•D" in raised serif letters in rectangle to left of five hallmarks, Newcastle city mark of three towers in round-bottom shield, lion passant facing left in clipped-corner surround, sovereign's head facing right in profile in oval, crowned leopard's head in round-bottom shield, and Newcastle raised roman date letter "L" in a square.
Maker is Christopher Dinsdale I of Newcastle, England; active circa 1800. Dinsdale's sons, Christopher Dinsdale II and Cuthbert Dinsdale, both used an identical mark.
Location
Currently not on view
date made
1801
ID Number
DL.66.0556
catalog number
66.0556
accession number
265238

Oil Shipping Crate

This shipping crate side contained Gargoyle brand “A” mobiloil that was made by the Vacuum Oil Company of New York City, New York in the early 20th century.
Description (Brief)
This shipping crate side contained Gargoyle brand “A” mobiloil that was made by the Vacuum Oil Company of New York City, New York in the early 20th century. The Vacuum Oil Company merged with the Standard Oil Company of New York in 1931 and marketed the Gargoyle Mobiloil brand for several years before Mobil became the new company name and Pegasus the new logo. The crate contained ten one-gallon cans of oil.
Location
Currently not on view
referenced business
Vacuum Oil Company
ID Number
1979.0441.204
catalog number
1979.0441.204
accession number
1979.0441

Chocolate Shipping Crate

This shipping crate end is imprinted with “Hershey’s Chocolate and Cocoa, Guaranteed Absolutely Pure.” The Hershey Chocolate Company was founded by Milton Hershey in 1894 in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. In 1900, Hershey’s production of milk chocolate began in earnest.
Description (Brief)
This shipping crate end is imprinted with “Hershey’s Chocolate and Cocoa, Guaranteed Absolutely Pure.” The Hershey Chocolate Company was founded by Milton Hershey in 1894 in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. In 1900, Hershey’s production of milk chocolate began in earnest. Through Hershey’s new methods of mass-production, milk chocolate became affordable to the public for the first time.
Location
Currently not on view
referenced business
The Hershey Company
ID Number
1979.0441.363
catalog number
1979.0441.363
accession number
1979.0441

Apple Crate Label

Labels are an important marketing device. They often go beyond merely identifying contents and are designed to help establish brand distinction and generate customer loyalty for a largely interchangeable product.This Renn brand apple crate label was used by the F.O.
Description (Brief)
Labels are an important marketing device. They often go beyond merely identifying contents and are designed to help establish brand distinction and generate customer loyalty for a largely interchangeable product.
This Renn brand apple crate label was used by the F.O. Renn Company of Chelan Falls, Washington during the early 20th century. The lithographed label was produced by the Traung Label Company of Seattle, Washington. The red label has an white circular inset with the image of a small chirping bird sitting on a branch. These wildlife scenes were often used to evoke a sense of rich, natural produce in the buyer.
Location
Currently not on view
referenced business
F. O. Renn Fruit Company
ID Number
1979.0441.045
accession number
1979.0441
catalog number
1979.0441.045

Glass Tumbler

Currently not on view
Location
Currently not on view
date designed
ca. 1955
date produced
1961
Date made
Line: 1961 Shape: Introduced 1955
designer
Diamond, Freda
maker
Libbey Glass Company
designer
Diamond, Freda
ID Number
1997.0157.16D
accession number
1997.0157
catalog number
1997.0157.16D

Maryland Food Co-Op 10th Anniversary Poster

Roger Hecht created this poster in 1986 to announce a party celebrating the 10th anniversary of the Maryland Food Co-op. Printed on yellow/gold typing paper, it features the Co-op’s slogan, “Food for People Not for Profit,” and the image of a fist punching through a sandwich.
Description
Roger Hecht created this poster in 1986 to announce a party celebrating the 10th anniversary of the Maryland Food Co-op. Printed on yellow/gold typing paper, it features the Co-op’s slogan, “Food for People Not for Profit,” and the image of a fist punching through a sandwich. Portraits of the leftist revolutionaries Che Guevara and Augusto Sandino appear in the top left and right corners, respectively. Che is pictured wearing a black beret in the style of the iconic photograph, “Guerillero Heroico,” taken in 1960 by Ablerto Korda. Sandino is shown wearing his characteristic wide-brimmed hat. The evocation of these two figures emphasizes the connection between food movements like the Maryland Food Co-op and broader political activism of the era. Hecht, the artist who created the design, worked at the Co-op from 1981 to 1985 and donated the poster.
The Maryland Food Co-op was founded in 1975 in the midst of unrest. Students at the University of Maryland, College Park, had been advocating for changes to the university’s food system for several years, citing poor food quality, customer service, and questionable sanitation. Their agitation increased when they learned in 1974 that food facilities in the Stamp Student Union might close for failing to meet county food sanitation standards. In August 1975 student Matt Mayer submitted a proposal to the Student Government Association to organize the Maryland Food Collective, which became known as the Co-op. Before Mayer’s proposal for the Co-op was approved, some students are believed to have taken action by making sandwiches at home and selling them on the campus as part of a “Guerilla sandwich line.” This detail in the Co-op’s origin narrative is echoed in the fist and sandwich graphic on the anniversary poster.
The Co-op continues to operate on the university campus, selling sandwiches, produce, and healthy food items. Staffed by both paid workers and volunteers (who exchange their labor for credit at the store), the Co-op is a worker’s collective, where everyone has an equal voice.
date made
1986
ID Number
2012.3009.01
nonaccession number
2012.3009
catalog number
2012.3009.01

Rye Bread

Currently not on view
Location
Currently not on view
date made
1968-1970
author
Waters, Alice
ID Number
2016.0085.23
accession number
2016.0085
catalog number
2016.0085.23

Instant Miso Soup with Tofu

AFC first generation single serving cup of instant miso soup.The yellow container is covered by a sealed paper lid that reads “MISO SOUP Traditional Japanese Soup, with a three step instruction printed below.
Description
AFC first generation single serving cup of instant miso soup.
The yellow container is covered by a sealed paper lid that reads “MISO SOUP Traditional Japanese Soup, with a three step instruction printed below. “Natural Tofu Miso Soup” is printed across the container, with the original AFC logo in the center and a graphic of a bowl of miso soup in the background. Underneath reads NET WT. 0.76 OZ. (22g). The “Fill line” printed on the upper right part of the container indicates how much water should be poured in. The left side lists directions for hot water and directions for microwave use, as well as a barcode and a general miso soup description. The right side lists the nutrition facts, the ingredients and the distributor.
Miso soup is a common Japanese soup that often accompanies a sushi meal. AFC has expanded their products from fresh pre-packaged products to other sushi-related products, and has included two types of instant miso soups.
Location
Currently not on view
date made
ca 1980s
maker
Advanced Fresh Concepts Franchise Corp.
ID Number
2012.3099.25
catalog number
2012.3099.25
nonaccession number
2012.3099

Apple Crate Label

Labels are an important marketing device. They often go beyond merely identifying contents and are designed to help establish brand distinction and generate customer loyalty for a largely interchangeable product.This Jim Wade brand apple crate label was used by the J.M.
Description (Brief)
Labels are an important marketing device. They often go beyond merely identifying contents and are designed to help establish brand distinction and generate customer loyalty for a largely interchangeable product.
This Jim Wade brand apple crate label was used by the J.M. Wade Packer and Shipper of Wenatchee, Washington during the early 20th century. The label was lithographed by Stecher-Traung of San Francisco, California. The label has a black background with a red stripe down the center. These apples came from the Wenatchee Valley region of Washington, which claimed to be the “Apple Capital of the World.”
Location
Currently not on view
referenced business
J. M. Wade
ID Number
1979.0441.117
accession number
1979.0441
catalog number
1979.0441.117

#1 Orange, partly peeled

Currently not on view
Location
Currently not on view
date made
ca 1900s
maker
Ives, Frederick Eugene
ID Number
PG.007224C
accession number
251656

Glass Goblet

Currently not on view
Location
Currently not on view
Date made
Introduced 1957
date made
ca. 1956
c. 1956
designer
Diamond, Freda
maker
Libbey Glass Company
designer
Diamond, Freda
ID Number
1997.0157.01B
catalog number
1997.0157.01B
accession number
1997.0157

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