Science & Mathematics

The Museum's collections hold thousands of objects related to chemistry, biology, physics, astronomy, and other sciences. Instruments range from early American telescopes to lasers. Rare glassware and other artifacts from the laboratory of Joseph Priestley, the discoverer of oxygen, are among the scientific treasures here. A Gilbert chemistry set of about 1937 and other objects testify to the pleasures of amateur science. Artifacts also help illuminate the social and political history of biology and the roles of women and minorities in science.

The mathematics collection holds artifacts from slide rules and flash cards to code-breaking equipment. More than 1,000 models demonstrate some of the problems and principles of mathematics, and 80 abstract paintings by illustrator and cartoonist Crockett Johnson show his visual interpretations of mathematical theorems.

This steel-spring instrument has an ivory handle, a point attached to one leg, and a penholder with adjusting screw on the other leg. The distance between the legs is adjusted with a pin and thumbscrew.
Description
This steel-spring instrument has an ivory handle, a point attached to one leg, and a penholder with adjusting screw on the other leg. The distance between the legs is adjusted with a pin and thumbscrew. The instrument resembles a Swiss bow pen sold around the turn of the 20th century by W. & L. E. Gurley (for $2.00) and by Keuffel & Esser (for $2.50). The manufacturer was probably not Kern & Co. of Aarau, Switzerland, as the Kern instruments advertised in the 1897 Sears Roebuck catalog have a different shape of ivory handle.
References: 1897 Sears Roebuck & Co. Catalogue (reprint; New York: Skyhorse Publishing, 2007), 369; Catalogue and Price-List of Keuffel & Esser Co., 23rd ed. (New York, 1892), 31; Catalogue and Price-List of Keuffel & Esser Co., 33rd ed. (New York, 1909), 63; A Manual of the Principal Instruments . . . Manufactured by W. & L. E. Gurley, 37th ed. (Troy, N.Y., 1903), 289; A Manual of the Principal Instruments . . . Manufactured by W. & L. E. Gurley, 39th ed. (Troy, N.Y., 1906), 289. This instrument does not appear in the 1921 K&E and 1912 Gurley catalogs.
Location
Currently not on view
date made
ca 1900
ID Number
MA.335337
accession number
305958
catalog number
335337
This German silver instrument has a handle and ridged ring at its top. Both legs have screws partway down and thumbscrews at the ends for adjusting the angles of the points. A piece of lead is in the receptacle at the end of one leg. The end of the other leg has a steel point.
Description
This German silver instrument has a handle and ridged ring at its top. Both legs have screws partway down and thumbscrews at the ends for adjusting the angles of the points. A piece of lead is in the receptacle at the end of one leg. The end of the other leg has a steel point. The instrument has no markings. Similar but shorter compasses from Germany are advertised for $2.15 in Keuffel & Esser's 1892 and 1909 catalogs. The instrument is not shown in the 1921 catalog.
References: Catalogue and Price-List of Keuffel & Esser Co., 23rd ed. (New York, 1892), 61; Catalogue and Price-List of Keuffel & Esser Co., 33rd ed. (New York, 1909), 108.
Location
Currently not on view
date made
ca 1900
ID Number
MA.335340
accession number
305958
catalog number
335340
This metal compass is noticeably corroded. The compass is held together by a screw at the top. A spring inside the mechanism below the screw allows the two legs to be squeezed together. The mechanism is marked on both sides: EAGLE PENCIL CO. (/) NEW YORK (/) PAT.
Description
This metal compass is noticeably corroded. The compass is held together by a screw at the top. A spring inside the mechanism below the screw allows the two legs to be squeezed together. The mechanism is marked on both sides: EAGLE PENCIL CO. (/) NEW YORK (/) PAT. DEC.11.1894 (/) PAT. GT.BRITAIN. The legs are embossed with a floral pattern. The two needle points slide into slots at the end of each leg. One point is made of the same metal as the compass. The other point is a metal that does not corrode, possibly German silver. The German silver point is reversible and holds a pencil lead in its other end.
German immigrant Heinrich Berolzheimer opened Eagle Pencil Company as a pencil shop in New York City in 1856, with a factory in Yonkers. By 1880, the firm made mechanical pencils as well as pens and erasers. In 1969, the company changed its name to Berol Corporation, and the Empire Pencil Corporation purchased it in 1986. Harrison Cole of Columbus, Ohio, applied on April 16, 1894, for a patent on a braking screw bolt that would help compasses or dividers stay set in position and received it on December 11 that year. The Brown University mathematics department donated this instrument to the Smithsonian in 1973. Compare to 1981.0933.17.
References: Harrison Cole, "Drawing Instrument" (U.S. Patent 530,680 issued December 11, 1894); "Eagle Divider and Compass," School Journal 56 (1898): 389.
Location
Currently not on view
date made
ca 1900
maker
Eagle Pencil Company
ID Number
MA.304722.04
accession number
1973.304722
catalog number
304722.04
The handle on this metal instrument is connected to the point and can be pulled out of the cylinder that is the compass's main leg. The other leg is screwed to the cylinder with a metal slat.
Description
The handle on this metal instrument is connected to the point and can be pulled out of the cylinder that is the compass's main leg. The other leg is screwed to the cylinder with a metal slat. A screw goes through this leg and can be loosened or tightened to adjust the radius of a circle drawn with the compass. A second screw adjusts the tube that holds a pencil point. Draftsmen used the hairspring compass to precisely draw small circles.
Keuffel & Esser, an American maker and dealer of slide rules and drawing instruments, donated this object to the Smithsonian in 1971. Part of a paper tag received with the object has been lost, but the remaining portion suggests this instrument may have come from Leipzig, Germany. None of the compasses offered in K&E catalogs in 1909, 1921, or 1936 resemble this instrument.
Location
Currently not on view
date made
ca 1900
maker
Keuffel & Esser Co.
ID Number
MA.335261
accession number
306012
catalog number
335261
The ends of this German silver instrument rotate at right angles to the legs. When the pointed ends of both legs are extended, the instrument works as a divider.
Description
The ends of this German silver instrument rotate at right angles to the legs. When the pointed ends of both legs are extended, the instrument works as a divider. The other side of one end has an adjustable pen point, and the other side of the other end has a holder, tightened by a metal ring, for a pencil lead. When one of these ends is extended, the instrument functions as a compass. The legs fold up inside themselves so the compass may be stored in a wooden case covered with black leather and lined with purple velvet. The instrument has no identifying marks. It is similar but not identical to a folding pocket compass sold for $5.00 (without a case) by W. & L. E. Gurley from at least 1903 to 1912.
Englishman David Napier (1790–1876) is credited with inventing the folded compass in 1848. This version improves on the design by putting all of the joints in the same plane and is known as the "Swiss pattern," although makers all over Europe made these instruments.
References: A Manual of the Principal Instruments . . . Manufactured by W. & L. E. Gurley, 37th ed. (Troy, N.Y., 1903), 309–310; A Manual of the Principal Instruments . . . Manufactured by W. & L. E. Gurley, 46th ed. (Troy, N.Y., 1912), 365–366; Maya Hambly, Drawing Instruments: 1580–1980 (London: Sotheby's Publications, 1988), 83–84.
Location
Currently not on view
date made
ca 1900
ID Number
MA.335334
accession number
305958
catalog number
335334
This steel instrument has a pen point on one leg. Two screws adjust the width of the pen point and allow it to be removed. The needle point and its screw are missing from the other leg. A thumbscrew for adjusting the width of the instrument is outside the leg with the pen point.
Description
This steel instrument has a pen point on one leg. Two screws adjust the width of the pen point and allow it to be removed. The needle point and its screw are missing from the other leg. A thumbscrew for adjusting the width of the instrument is outside the leg with the pen point. A cylindrical ridged handle is directly attached to a ring inserted into the legs. That leg is marked: RECORD. The object was received with several other instruments in a wooden box, 1984.1071.13.
The mark may refer to the British brand of woodworking tools. The Record factory operated in Sheffield, England, from 1909 until about 2002, when its parent company was acquired by Newell Rubbermaid. The donor, Sebastian J. Tralongo (1928–2007), served in the U.S. Navy during World War II and then worked for the Vitro Corporation in Rockville, Md., for 35 years. He patented a device for signaling from deeply submerged submarines and assigned the rights to Vitro.
References: "Tralongo, Sebastian James 'Subby'," Hartford Courant, May 26, 2007; Sebastian J. Tralongo, "Submarine Signal Device" (U.S. Patent 2,989,024 issued June 20, 1961); David Lynch, "Record Hand Planes: A History," http://www.recordhandplanes.com/history.html.
Location
Currently not on view
date made
mid 20th century
ID Number
1984.1071.10
accession number
1984.1071
catalog number
1984.1071.10
This metal drawing instrument is heavily corroded. It has a cylindrical handle, grooves that allow the user to open the legs just a small amount, a thumbscrew adjusting the hairspring in the leg with the pencil point, and screws for adjusting the needle and pencil points.
Description
This metal drawing instrument is heavily corroded. It has a cylindrical handle, grooves that allow the user to open the legs just a small amount, a thumbscrew adjusting the hairspring in the leg with the pencil point, and screws for adjusting the needle and pencil points. The legs are jointed, but they are too rusted to bend. The inside of the leg with the pencil point is marked near the top: KEUFFEL & ESSER N.Y.
This instrument is advertised as model number 205 in K&E's 1881 catalog. It does not appear in the 1876 or 1892 catalogs. Gunther Mathies, a relative of the donor, emigrated from Germany in the early 20th century and worked for the Thomaston (Conn.) Clock Company. He also did photography, drafting, and surveying in the area during the Depression, and he may have acquired this object in the course of those endeavors.
References: Michael Scott-Scott, Drawing Instruments (Aylesbury, England: Shire Publications Ltd., 1986), 5–6; Catalogue and Price-List of Keuffel & Esser Co., 9th ed. (New York, 1881); accession file.
Location
Currently not on view
date made
1876-1892
maker
Keuffel & Esser Co.
ID Number
1984.1070.03
accession number
1984.1070
catalog number
1984.1070.03
The pen and needle points (including its screw) are missing from this steel instrument. Because the pen point may be removed, this instrument is not like other bow pens in the collections. A disc for adjusting the width of the instrument is on a screw between the legs.
Description
The pen and needle points (including its screw) are missing from this steel instrument. Because the pen point may be removed, this instrument is not like other bow pens in the collections. A disc for adjusting the width of the instrument is on a screw between the legs. A cylindrical ridged handle is directly attached to a ring inserted into the legs. The leg that would have the pen attachment is marked: RECORD. The object was received with several other instruments in a wooden box, 1984.1071.13. Compare to 1984.1071.10.
Location
Currently not on view
date made
mid 20th century
ID Number
1984.1071.11
accession number
1984.1071
catalog number
1984.1071.11
This green zinc alloy instrument has a black plastic handle. Silver metal adjusting bolts set the width of the instrument and the length of the needle and pencil points. The front of the handle is marked with the letter H. The back of the handle is marked: GERMANY.
Description
This green zinc alloy instrument has a black plastic handle. Silver metal adjusting bolts set the width of the instrument and the length of the needle and pencil points. The front of the handle is marked with the letter H. The back of the handle is marked: GERMANY. A gray and clear plastic envelope has a black and white plastic tube with two replacement pencil leads. The front of the case is marked in gold: H (/) Hearlihy & Co (/) Springfield, Ohio (/) 404. The flap for the case fastens on the back and is marked: Western Germany.
For information on the manufacturer and distributor, see 1987.0589.01. On this example, the adjusting bolts for the points are on the front and back of the instrument, instead of on the outside of each leg.
Location
Currently not on view
date made
1987
maker
Intertech Drawing Instruments
ID Number
1987.0589.02
accession number
1987.0589
catalog number
1987.0589.02
This six-inch German silver instrument opens into a double "V" shape. It has a cylindrical handle, thumbscrews for removing the point attachments, and thumbscrews for adjusting the points.
Description
This six-inch German silver instrument opens into a double "V" shape. It has a cylindrical handle, thumbscrews for removing the point attachments, and thumbscrews for adjusting the points. The legs may be fitted with any combination of two needle points, two lengthening bars, and a pen point. The pencil point is missing. The lengthening bars extend the compass horizontally to a width of 9-3/4", allowing the instrument to function as a beam compass.
Almost all of the pieces are engraved with the number 61, except for one needle point, one lengthening bar, and the pen point, which are each engraved with the number 60. A rectangular leather-covered case is lined with black velvet. A label on the bottom of the case is largely worn away, but it appears to have been marked: MADE IN GERMANY. Compare to 1978.2110.05.
Location
Currently not on view
date made
early 20th century
ID Number
1978.2110.04
accession number
1978.2110
catalog number
336730
This six-inch German silver instrument opens into a double "V" shape. It has a cylindrical handle, thumbscrews for removing the point attachments, and thumbscrews for adjusting the points.
Description
This six-inch German silver instrument opens into a double "V" shape. It has a cylindrical handle, thumbscrews for removing the point attachments, and thumbscrews for adjusting the points. The legs may be fitted with any combination of a needle point, two lengthening bars, a pencil point, and a pen point. The second needle point is missing. The lengthening bars extend the compass horizontally to a width of 9-3/4", allowing the instrument to function as a beam compass.
Almost all of the pieces are engraved with the number 60, except for the pen point and one lengthening bar, which are each engraved with the number 61. It is possible that some of the pieces have gotten mixed up with those catalogued with 1978.2110.04. A wooden case is covered with burgundy-colored leather and lined with black velvet.
Location
Currently not on view
date made
early 20th century
ID Number
1978.2110.05
accession number
1978.2110
catalog number
336731
This metal compass has a cylindrical scrolled handle. The upper parts of the legs have decorative grooves on either side. A thumbscrew on one leg may be used to finely adjust the angle of the leg (hence, the name "hairspring").
Description
This metal compass has a cylindrical scrolled handle. The upper parts of the legs have decorative grooves on either side. A thumbscrew on one leg may be used to finely adjust the angle of the leg (hence, the name "hairspring"). The lower parts of the legs are hinged and are attached by screws so that the pencil point and needle point may be replaced by the pen point or lengthening bar contained with the instrument. Small thumbscrews on the needle, pencil, and pen points allow for fine adjustments.
The donor of this object, William J. Ellenberger (1908–2008), studied electrical and mechanical engineering at The George Washington University between 1925 and 1934. He then worked for the Potomac Electric Power Company and the National Bureau of Standards. During World War II, he served in the U.S. Army Signal Corps. He was a civilian construction management engineer for the army from 1954 to 1968, when he became a private consultant. He may have acquired this instrument during his studies or early career.
Location
Currently not on view
date made
early 20th century
ID Number
1981.0933.20
accession number
1981.0933
catalog number
1981.0933.20
This metal instrument is held together by a screw at the top. A spring inside the mechanism below the screw allows the two legs to be squeezed together. The piece between the screw and spring is marked: EAGLE PENCIL CO. (/) NEW YORK (/) PATENTED.
Description
This metal instrument is held together by a screw at the top. A spring inside the mechanism below the screw allows the two legs to be squeezed together. The piece between the screw and spring is marked: EAGLE PENCIL CO. (/) NEW YORK (/) PATENTED. The legs are embossed with a floral pattern. Two needle points slide into slots at the end of each leg. One needle point is reversible and has a holder for a pencil lead at its other end. Compare to 304722.04, which is apparently an older version of this model. The mark refers to the patent Harrison Cole received in 1894 for a braking screw bolt that would help compasses or dividers remain set in position.
A cardboard box is covered with green and white checked paper and a white label marked: EAGLE (/) COMPASS & DIVIDER (/) Pat. Dec. 11th 1894. Pat. Gt. Britain. (/) Reg. U. S. Pat. Off. & Canada. (/) NO. 569. (/) Manufactured by EAGLE PENCIL CO., New York, U.S.A. Two small aluminum tubes received with the instrument each hold five sharpened pencil leads.
German immigrant Heinrich Berolzheimer opened Eagle Pencil Company as a pencil shop in New York City in 1856, with a factory in Yonkers. By 1880, the firm made mechanical pencils as well as pens and erasers. In 1969, the company changed its name to Berol Corporation, and the Empire Pencil Corporation purchased it in 1986.
References: Harrison Cole, "Drawing Instrument" (U.S. Patent 530,680 issued December 11, 1894); "The History of Berol," http://www.berol.co.uk/berolhistory.html.
Location
Currently not on view
date made
20th century
maker
Eagle Pencil Company
ID Number
1981.0933.17
accession number
1981.0933
catalog number
1981.0933.17
This is an oversized form of the Safe-T Compass (1998.0033.03), for use at a blackboard or dry erase board. It is a white plastic wedge-shaped instrument, with a rotating clear plastic disc set inside the wide end of the wedge.
Description
This is an oversized form of the Safe-T Compass (1998.0033.03), for use at a blackboard or dry erase board. It is a white plastic wedge-shaped instrument, with a rotating clear plastic disc set inside the wide end of the wedge. Both long edges of the wedge have a row of 9 circular holes. The holes are marked for the radius of various circles, from 1" to 5". To draw a large circle, a marker or piece of chalk is placed in the desired hole and the instrument is rotated while the user holds the disc. Note that the circle radii are those that may be drawn with the pocket-sized version of the instrument. This compass actually draws circles with radii from 3" to 15". One long edge of the wedge has a scale marked for four inches, divided to 16ths of an inch. The other edge has a scale marked for ten centimeters, divided to millimeters. Both scales are oversized.
Seven holes are in the disc. A piece of black rubber in the center hole attaches the instrument more securely to the blackboard. To draw a small circle of up to 3/8" radius, a marker or piece of chalk is placed in the desired hole and used to rotate the disc, while the wedge is held in place. Again, this instrument actually draws larger circles. The wedge is marked: SAFE-T (/) COMPASS® (/) Bensenville, IL 60106-0316 (/) #45762 Pat. #5,615,485. It is also marked: π = 3.1416 (/) A = πr2 (/) C = πd. The donor applied for the patent listed on this instrument in 1995 and simultaneously assigned it to Safe-T Products, Inc. A company catalog in the accession file indicates the compass sold for $18.95 around 2000.
According to the donor, the Safe-T compass, invented by Jack Kettlestrings of Naperville, Ill., was the first product of Safe-T Products, Inc., and Extra Measures, Inc. These related companies were established in the northwest Chicago suburbs in 1992 and 1997, respectively, to sell drawing instruments that were safe for children. For instance, as the donor noted, the compass is too wide to be swallowed, and the plastic bends, but does not break. This concern for safety is reflected in numerous products of the time. In 2006 and 2007, Safe-T was absorbed into Classroom Products Warehouse, and Extra Measures was taken over by Learning Resources, Inc. These firms were next-door neighbors in Vernon Hills, Ill., as of 2012.
References: Accession file; Bruce Stoneberg, "Instruments for Drawing Circles" (U.S. Patent 5,615,485 issued April 1, 1997); "Corporate and Limited Liability Company Name Search," Office of the Secretary of State for the State of Illinois, http://www.ilsos.gov/corporatellc/CorporateLlcController.
Location
Currently not on view
date made
before 2000
maker
Safe-T Products, Inc.
ID Number
2000.0160.04
accession number
2000.0160
catalog number
2000.0160.04
This instrument consists of two orange molded plastic discs held together by a metal screw and a plastic bolt, a blue pencil, and a blue plastic stylus with a metal point. The pencil and the stylus fit between the discs on opposite sides of the screw.
Description
This instrument consists of two orange molded plastic discs held together by a metal screw and a plastic bolt, a blue pencil, and a blue plastic stylus with a metal point. The pencil and the stylus fit between the discs on opposite sides of the screw. The user adjusts the screw and stylus to the desired diameter for the circle, according to a scale from zero to ten inches on the front of the instrument or a scale from zero to 24 centimeters on the back of the instrument. The compass is somewhat flimsy to operate.
The front of the disc is marked: CIRCLE™ (/) PERFECT (/) #45748. The back is also marked: pat. pend. The stylus is marked: CHINA. A blue and orange cardboard backing was held to the instrument by the screw. The back of the card has instructions and is marked: Pat. Pend. (/) Made in China (/) SAFE-T PRODUCTS™, Inc. (/) P.O. Box 692 (/) LaGrange, IL 60625 [sic]. As with other Safe-T items in the collections, this model number was used for distribution to retail stores. Extra Measures, the company associated with Safe-T Products, sold this compass through its own catalog as model number 45743 for $2.25 around 2000. For company information, see 2000.0160.04.
References: Bruce Stoneberg, "Circle Compass" (U.S. Patent 5,630,278 issued May 20, 1997); accession file.
Location
Currently not on view
date made
1997-2000
maker
Safe-T Products, Inc.
ID Number
2000.0160.07
accession number
2000.0160
catalog number
2000.0160.07
Like 2000.0160.06, this red and white plastic instrument combines a ruler, a protractor, and a compass. Unlike 2000.0160.06, this object is smaller, white instead of clear, and uses a slide instead of rows of holes for setting the radius of a circle.
Description
Like 2000.0160.06, this red and white plastic instrument combines a ruler, a protractor, and a compass. Unlike 2000.0160.06, this object is smaller, white instead of clear, and uses a slide instead of rows of holes for setting the radius of a circle. The semicircular (protractor) end is wider than the rectangular part of the instrument. It is marked in 15-degree increments in both directions, from 15 to 165 degrees, and divided to units of five degrees.
Inside the arc is a small rotating disc. The rectangular ruler has a groove down its center that carries a sliding red plastic piece with two holes in it. This piece can be set anywhere along the scales on the ruler, giving the distance from the center of the small disc. Placing a writing implement in one of the holes and rotating the ruler while keeping the disc fixed gives a circle of the radius set. One of the long edges has a ruler 12 centimeters long, divided to millimeters. The other edge has a five-inch ruler, divided to 16ths of an inch.
The back of the instrument is marked: U.S.Pat. # 5,615,485 (/) Other Pats. Pend. The back of the slide is marked: MADE (/) IN CHINA. The Bullseye Compass was introduced in 2000 and retailed for $1.99 in 2012.
References: Learning Resources online catalog (accessed October 22, 2012); Ho Chan, "Adjustable Compass with Ruler and Protractor" (U.S. Design Patent 411,959 issued July 13, 1999); J. Bruce Stoneberg, "Drawing Tool" (U.S. Patent 6,606,796 issued August 19, 2003); accession file.
Location
Currently not on view
date made
2000
maker
Safe-T Products, Inc.
ID Number
2000.0160.08
accession number
2000.0160
catalog number
2000.0160.08
This translucent light orange plastic instrument is wedge-shaped, with a rotating white plastic disc set inside the wide end of the wedge. One long edge of the wedge has a scale of four inches, divided to 16ths of an inch.
Description
This translucent light orange plastic instrument is wedge-shaped, with a rotating white plastic disc set inside the wide end of the wedge. One long edge of the wedge has a scale of four inches, divided to 16ths of an inch. The other edge has a scale of ten centimeters, divided to millimeters. These edges each have a row of 33 small circular holes. The holes are marked for the radius of various circles, from 1" to 5". To draw a large circle, a pencil is placed in the desired hole and the instrument is rotated while the user holds the disc.
Two rows of four small holes are on the disc; one row is straight and one is bowed. The disc also has a small hole at its center. To draw a small circle of up to 1-5/8" diameter, a pencil is placed in the desired hole and used to rotate the disc, while the wedge is held in place. Five larger circles are around the edge of the disc. The wedge is marked: SAFE-T (/) COMPASS® (/) LaGrange, IL 60535-0692 (/) #45761 Pat. #4,353,166. It is also marked: π = 3.1416 (/) A = πr2 (/) C = πd.
Instructions are on white cardboard received with the instrument. According to a company catalog (1998.0033.04), model number 45759 sold for $1.19 around 1998. The design of the disc is covered by a patent received by John S. Kettlestrings of Wheaton, Ill., in 1982.
Safe-T Products, Inc., of La Grange, Ill., was established in 1992 and specialized in drawing instruments that were safe for children. In 2006, the company became a subsidiary of A. Daigger & Company and its name changed to Classroom Products Warehouse. Kettlestrings (b. about 1933) is an inventor, designer, and entrepreneur who was associated with Tool-Less Hanger Corporation of Everson, Wash., in 2011.
References: SAFE-T Products, Inc., Innovative Safe Drawing and Measuring Instruments, about 1998; John S. Kettlestrings, "Toy-Like Instrument for Drawing Circles" (U.S. Patent 4,353,166 issued October 12, 1982); Company Overview of Safe-T Classroom Products, Inc.," Bloomberg BusinessWeek, http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=27794340; "About Us," Classroom Products Warehouse, http://www.classroomprdcts.com/.
Location
Currently not on view
date made
1998
maker
Safe-T Products, Inc.
ID Number
1998.0033.03
catalog number
1998.0033.03
accession number
1998.0033

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