Science & Mathematics - Overview
The Museum's collections hold thousands of objects related to chemistry, biology, physics, astronomy, and other sciences. Instruments range from early American telescopes to lasers. Rare glassware and other artifacts from the laboratory of Joseph Priestley, the discoverer of oxygen, are among the scientific treasures here. A Gilbert chemistry set of about 1937 and other objects testify to the pleasures of amateur science. Artifacts also help illuminate the social and political history of biology and the roles of women and minorities in science.
The mathematics collection holds artifacts from slide rules and flash cards to code-breaking equipment. More than 1,000 models demonstrate some of the problems and principles of mathematics, and 80 abstract paintings by illustrator and cartoonist Crockett Johnson show his visual interpretations of mathematical theorems.
"Science & Mathematics - Overview" showing 1306 items.
Page 121 of 131
Electrotype of “Corn from basket maker caves"
- Description
- This electrotype of “Corn from basket maker caves” was prepared by the Government Printing Office in Washington, D.C.; the image was published as Plate 65 (p.152) in an article by Alfred Vincent Kidder (1885-1963) and Samuel J. Guernsey (1868-1936) entitled “Archeological Explorations in Northeastern Arizona” in Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 61, (1919).
- Location
- Currently not on view
- date made
- 1919
- publisher
- Bureau of American Ethnology
- printer
- Government Printing Office
- author
- Kidder, Alfred Vincent
- Guernsey, Samuel J.
- ID Number
- 2000.0207.124
- catalog number
- 2000.0207.124
- accession number
- 2000.0207
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History, Kenneth E. Behring Center
Electrotype of "Ruins in Northeastern Arizona"
- Description
- This electrotype of ruins in Northeastern Arizona was prepared by the Government Printing Office in Washington, D.C.; the image was published as Plate 14 (p.48) in an article by Alfred Vincent Kidder (1885-1963) and Samuel J. Guernsey (1868-1936) entitled “Archeological Explorations in Northeastern Arizona” in Bureau of American Ethnology,Bulletin 61, (1919).
- Location
- Currently not on view
- date made
- 1919
- publisher
- Bureau of American Ethnology
- printer
- Government Printing Office
- author
- Kidder, Alfred Vincent
- Guernsey, Samuel J.
- ID Number
- 2000.0207.130
- catalog number
- 2000.0207.130
- accession number
- 2000.0207
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History, Kenneth E. Behring Center
AbioCor Total Artificial Heart
- Description
- The AbioCor Total Artificial Heart is the first electro-hydraulic artificial heart implanted in a human. Approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for clinical trials, this AbioCor artificial heart was implanted in Robert Tools by cardiac surgeons Laman A. Gray Jr. and Robert D. Dowling on July 2, 2001, at Jewish Hospital in Louisville, Kentucky. The historic operation marked the first time an artificial heart was used as a permanent replacement for a human heart since the air-powered Jarvik-7 artificial heart more than fifteen years before.
- The AbioCor is a two-chamber pump designed to perform like a natural human heart. It is powered by batteries, and pumps more than 2.5 gallons of blood a minute to the lungs and then to the rest of the body.
- Tools, who suffered from irreversible congestive heart failure, chose to have his diseased heart removed and replaced with the plastic and titanium pump. He lived for five months, well beyond the clinical trials goal of sixty days.
- The development of the AbioCor involved a team of engineers, scientists, and physicians from across the United States. Completely contained within the body, no tubes protrude through the skin, nor is the patient tethered to a noisy bedside console, as with air-powered hearts. Instead the heart is powered by rechargeable batteries and microcomputer technology that regulates the heartbeat according to the patient's activities.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- Date made
- ca 2001
- patient
- Tools, Robert L.
- cardiac surgeon
- Gray, Laman
- Dowling, Robert
- maker
- ABIOMED, Inc.
- ID Number
- 2003.0166.01.1
- accession number
- 2003.0166
- catalog number
- 2003.0166.01.01
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History, Kenneth E. Behring Center
YORICK, The Bionic Skeleton
- Description
- Yorick is a plastic male skeleton imbedded with electronic and mechanical devices used to replace worn body parts. Yorick was created by Ed Mueller, an engineer in the Division of Mechanical and Material Sciences at the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), in Washington, D.C.
- Yorick often made appearances at schools, Scout meetings, and hospitals to educate students about bionics and current research on implant design development.
- Some of the devices implanted in Yorick are: cranial plate, silicone nose, carbon tooth root, interocular lens, cochlear implant, heart valve, artificial heart, cardiac pacemaker, infusion port, vascular grafts, urinary sphincter prosthesis, artificial patella, bone plate, artificial tendons, bone growth stimulator, and artificial hip, knee, elbow, and finger joints.
- Date made
- 1970s-1980s
- maker
- Mueller, Edward
- ID Number
- 2003.0205.01
- accession number
- 2003.0205
- catalog number
- 2003.0205.01
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History, Kenneth E. Behring Center
New Math Addition Flash Cards
- Description
- This set consists of 50 flash cards showing sums of one digit numbers. A sum is written out horizontally on each side of each card. The sides are numbered from 1 to 50 on one side and from 50 to 100 on the other. A "sliding number cover" fits over a card to cover one term in the "number sentence." The child is to figure out the answer. A window in the back of the cover reveals the correct answer written on the back of the card. In addition to these cards, there is a card listing "Basic Addition Facts" (written vertically, with answers) and "Basic Addition Combinations" (written vertically, without answers). There also are four cards of tips and instructions for teachers and parents.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- Date made
- 1966?
- maker
- Ed-U-Cards Manufacturing Corporation
- ID Number
- 2005.0055.08
- catalog number
- 2005.0055.08
- accession number
- 2005.0055
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History, Kenneth E. Behring Center
The Effects of Nuclear Weapons
- Description
- The citation information for this paperback book is: Samuel Glasstone, ed., The Effects of Nuclear Weapons, rev. ed., a special report prepared at the request of the Department of Defense and published by the Atomic Energy Commission (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1962).
- In order to anticipate the physical damage and personal injuries that would result from a nuclear attack, and thus to encourage emergency responders and public officials to prepare themselves, numerous federal agencies joined together in 1957 to release information about the energy released in a nuclear explosion. An updated report was completed in 1962. Chemist and technical writer Samuel Glasstone (1897–1986) guided both efforts, as well as a third revision (with Philip J. Dolan) that appeared in 1977.
- The 1962 edition has a pocket at the back for a Nuclear Bomb Effects Computer, a circular slide rule that allowed users to make computations of blast effects, given various combinations of conditions based on data from the book. The pocket in this copy has an instruction sheet but not the instrument, which sold separately for $1.00 in addition to the book's price of $3.00. See 1990.0688.01 for a computer received from another source.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- date made
- 1962
- maker
- Glasstone, Samuel
- ID Number
- 2005.3113.01
- nonaccession number
- 2005.3113
- catalog number
- 2005.3113.01
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History, Kenneth E. Behring Center
Japanese Proportional Dividers
- Description
- These brass dividers have metal points, short at one end and longer at the other. The legs are slotted to allow a brass set screw to be placed at one of several positions on two proportional scales that are engraved on one of the legs. The scales are labeled with Japanese characters, but they are presumably for drawing lines and circles at different ratios.
- The Japanese Empire Department of Education displayed this instrument at the 1876 World's Fair, the Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia, in order to demonstrate its nation's modernity and progress. In fact, the Department of Education had just been established in 1870 to replace an Educational Board and assume a more active role in the management of primary, middle, and secondary schools. John Eaton, the U.S. Commissioner of Education, arranged for the transfer of the entire exhibit in which these dividers appeared to the Bureau of Education (then part of the Department of the Interior) for a planned museum. The museum closed in 1906 due to high maintenance costs, and much of the collection was transferred to the Smithsonian in 1910.
- Other educational mathematical objects exhibited by Japan in 1876 include MA*261301, MA*261305, and MA*261306.
- References: Michael Scott-Scott, Drawing Instruments (Aylesbury, England: Shire Publications Ltd., 1986), 14–15; Japan. Department of Education, An Outline History of Japanese Education: Prepared for the Philadelphia International Exhibition, 1876 (New York: D. Appleton, 1876), 121–122, 191–202; U.S. Centennial Commission, International Exhibition, 1876. Reports and Awards , ed. Francis A. Walker (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1880), viii:143, 335; U.S. Bureau of Education, Annual Report of the Commissioner (1876), ccxi–ccxii.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- date made
- before 1876
- ID Number
- MA*261313
- accession number
- 51116
- catalog number
- 261313
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History, Kenneth E. Behring Center
Patent Model for Cylindrical Slide Rule Invented by George Fuller
- Description
- This is the U.S. patent model for a cylindrical slide rule invented by George Fuller (1829–1907), a British civil engineer and professor of engineering at Queen's College, Belfast. Fuller received patents in Great Britain (no. 1044) in 1878 and in the United States in 1879. W. F. Stanley of London manufactured the rule from 1879 until 1975, and it was marketed in the United States by Keuffel & Esser, Dietzgen, and other dealers.
- The model has a wooden handle and shaft, with a wooden cylinder that slides up and down the shaft. A paper covered with scales fits around the cylinder. The lower edge of the cylinder has a scale of equal parts. The remainder bears a spiral scale divided logarithmically. A rectangular clear plastic pointer has broken from its attachment on the handle and is tucked into a red ribbon tied around the cylinder. A paper patent tag is marked: No. 291.246; 1879 (/) G. Fuller. (/) Calculators. (/) Patented Sept 2. (/) 1879. A printed description from the patent application of April 16, 1878, is glued to the back of the tag. The tag is attached to the handle with a red ribbon.
- L. Leland Locke, a New York mathematics teacher and historian of mathematics, collected this patent model and intended it for the Museums of the Peaceful Arts in New York City. When that institution encountered financial difficulties in 1940, Locke gave a collection of objects, including this model, to the Smithsonian Institution.
- For production models of this instrument, see MA*313751, MA*316575, and 1998.0046.01.
- References: George Fuller, "Improvement in Calculators" (U.S. Patent 219,246 issued September 2, 1879); The Report of the President of Queen's College, Belfast, for the Year Ending October, 1876 (Dublin, 1877), 9, 29–30, 107–110; James J. Fenton, "Fuller's Calculating Slide-Rule," Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 22 (1886): 57–61; Dieter von Jezierski, Slide Rules: A Journey Through Three Centuries, trans. Rodger Shepherd (Mendham, N.J.: Astragal Press, 2000), 42–43.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- date made
- 1878
- patentee
- Fuller, George
- maker
- Fuller, George
- ID Number
- MA*311958
- accession number
- 155183
- catalog number
- 311958
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History, Kenneth E. Behring Center
Keuffel & Esser 1740 Thacher Cylindrical Slide Rule
- Description
- In 1881, Edwin Thacher, a "computing engineer" for the Keystone Bridge Company in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, received a patent for an improvement in slide rules. Thacher was a graduate of Rennselaer Polytechnic Institute who spent much of his career designing railway bridges. To assist in his calculations, he designed a cylindrical slide rule. Thacher's rule, though it fit on a desk, was equivalent to a conventional slide rule over 59 feet long. It had scales for multiplication and division and another scale, with divisions twice as large, for use in finding squares and square roots. But it had no trigonometric scales.
- To produce his "calculating instrument," Thacher turned to the London firm of W. F. Stanley. The company even designed a special dividing engine for preparing the scales for the instrument. These were printed on paper sheets, which were pasted to the drum and the slats. In this example, the paper is also printed in italics on the right side: Patented by Edwin Thatcher [sic], C.E. Nov. 1st 1881. Divided by W. F. Stanley, London, 1882.
- The drum is rotated with wooden handles. The cylinder of slats is held in place with a brass frame, which is affixed to a wooden base. A paper of DIRECTIONS AND RULES FOR OPERATING is lacquered to the front of the base. The rear of the base bears a small silver metal label engraved: Keuffel & Esser (/) New York. F. F. NICKEL is painted underneath the base.
- Keuffel & Esser Company of New York sold versions of the Thacher cylindrical slide rule from at least 1883 until about 1950. There were two models, one with a magnifying glass (K&E model 1741, later K&E model 4013), and one without (K&E model 1740, later K&E 4012). This is a model 1740. The front right corner of the instrument's metal frame is engraved with the number 107. A paper K&E label on the inside lid of the instrument's mahogany case is marked in ink: 1740/661 (/) Thachers (/) Calculating (/)Instr. The top front of the bottom of the case is also carved with 661. In 1887, the model 1740 sold for $30.00.
- Frank Ferdinand Nickel purchased this example around 1883 and donated it to the Smithsonian in 1945, through his son, Henry W. Nickel. The elder Nickel was born in Hanau, Germany, in 1857. He came to the United States around 1883 and worked as a mechanical engineer in New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey. He also taught at Columbia University in the 1910s. He wrote Direct-Acting Steam Pumps (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1915).
- See also 1987.0107.08 and 1987.0808.01.
- References: Edwin Thacher, "Slide-Rule" (U.S. Patent 249,117 issued November 1, 1881); "Thacher's Calculating Instrument or Cylindrical Slide Rule," Engineering News 16 (18 December 1886): 410; Wayne E. Feely, "Thacher Cylindrical Slide Rules," The Chronicle of the Early American Industries Association 50 (1997): 125–127; Wilfred Scott Downs, ed., "Nickel, Frank F.," Who's Who in Engineering, vol. 3 (New York, 1931), 957; Catalogue of Keuffel & Esser (New York, 1887), 128. This was the first K&E catalog to list the model 1740.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- date made
- ca 1883
- maker
- Stanley, William Ford
- Keuffel & Esser Co.
- ID Number
- MA*312866
- accession number
- 169701
- catalog number
- 312866
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History, Kenneth E. Behring Center
Keuffel & Esser 4015 Fuller's Spiral Cylindrical Slide Rule
- Description
- This rule consists of an outer wooden cylinder that both slides up and down and rotates. Two brass rings lined with felt are inside this cylinder. The cylinder is covered with paper marked with a single spiral logarithmic scale graduated into 7,250 parts and having a length, according to the maker, of 500 inches (nearly 42 feet). This length permitted computations up to four or five significant digits.
- Inside the outer cylinder is a longer wooden cylinder, covered with paper marked with decimal, conversion, and sine tables. A solid mahogany handle is at one end. A brass index is screwed to the top of the handle. A second, longer brass index is screwed to the mahogany base and marked with a scale of equal parts used in finding logarithms. A third, removable, nickel-plated brass cylinder is inside the instrument and attached to the base. There is no case.
- The tables on the middle cylinder include: decimal equivalents of feet and inches in feet; decimal equivalents of quarter weights and pounds in hundredweights; decimal equivalents of ounces and pounds in fractions of a pound; decimal equivalents of pounds, shillings, and pence in fractions of a pound; decimal equivalents of pence in shillings; days of the year as a fraction of the year; decimal equivalents of subunits of an acre; properties of various metals and woods; decimal equivalents of minutes of a degree in degrees; the Birmingham wire gauge; various conversion factors (mostly for weights and measures); and natural sines.
- The outer, sliding cylinder is marked near the top: FULLERS SPIRAL SLIDE RULE. Near the bottom is marked: ENTD. STATS. HALL; STANLEY, Maker, LONDON. The bottom is stamped: 1389. The top of the long brass index is engraved: 1389 (/) 1901. According to Wayne Feely, these numbers indicate the instrument has serial number 1389 and was made by Stanley in 1901. A white celluloid tag affixed to the handle reads: KEUFFEL & ESSER CO. (/) ST. LOUIS. CHICAGO. (/) NEW YORK. (/) U.S.A. In the 1901 Keuffel & Esser catalog, Fuller's Spiral Slide Rule is listed as Model 4015 and priced at $30.00.
- See also MA*311958, 1998.0046.01, and MA*316575.
- References: Wayne E. Feely, "The Fuller Spiral Scale Slide Rule," Chronicle of the Early American Industries Association 50, no. 3 (1997): 93–98; Catalogue of Keuffel & Esser (New York, 1901), 290; James J. Fenton, "Fuller's Calculating Slide-Rule," Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 22 (1886): 57–61; Dieter von Jezierski, Slide Rules: A Journey Through Three Centuries, trans. Rodger Shepherd (Mendham, N.J.: Astragal Press, 2000), 42–43; George Fuller, Instructions for the Use of the Fuller Calculator (London: W. F. Stanley & Co., Ltd., [about 1950]), http://www.mccoys-kecatalogs.com/KEManuals/4015/4015.htm. An 1879 first edition of the instructions manual was received with the instrument and is stored in the accession file.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- date made
- 1901
- inventor
- Fuller, George
- retailer
- Keuffel & Esser Co.
- maker
- Stanley, William Ford
- ID Number
- MA*313751
- catalog number
- 313751
- maker number
- 1380/1901
- accession number
- 179682
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History, Kenneth E. Behring Center
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