Science & Mathematics

Chemical Balance

The Museum's collections hold thousands of objects related to chemistry, biology, physics, astronomy, and other sciences. Instruments range from early American telescopes to lasers. Rare glassware and other artifacts from the laboratory of Joseph Priestley, the discoverer of oxygen, are among the scientific treasures here. A Gilbert chemistry set of about 1937 and other objects testify to the pleasures of amateur science. Artifacts also help illuminate the social and political history of biology and the roles of women and minorities in science.

The mathematics collection holds artifacts from slide rules and flash cards to code-breaking equipment. More than 1,000 models demonstrate some of the problems and principles of mathematics, and 80 abstract paintings by illustrator and cartoonist Crockett Johnson show his visual interpretations of mathematical theorems.

Chromolithograph of bird species "Phalacrocorax Brasilianus"

Thomas Sinclair (ca 1805-1881) of Philadelphia produced this chromolithographic print of "Phalacrocorax brasilianus [GM]" or Neotropic cormorant, from an original illustration by William Dreser (ca 1820, fl. 1849-1860).
Description (Brief)
Thomas Sinclair (ca 1805-1881) of Philadelphia produced this chromolithographic print of "Phalacrocorax brasilianus [GM]" or Neotropic cormorant, from an original illustration by William Dreser (ca 1820, fl. 1849-1860). The image was published as Plate XXVIII in Volume 2, following page 204 of Appendix F (Zoology-Birds) by John Cassin (1813-1869) in the report describing "The U.S. Naval Astronomical Expedition to the Southern Hemisphere during the Years 1849, 1850, 1851, and 1852" by James M. Gillis (1811-1865). The volume was printed in 1855 by A. O. P. Nicholson (1808-1876) of Washington, D.C.
Location
Currently not on view
date of book publication
1855
graphic artist
Sinclair, Thomas
original artist
Dreser, William
publisher
United States Navy
printer
Nicholson, A. O. P.
author
Cassin, John
Gilliss, James Melville
ID Number
2008.0175.02
accession number
2008.0175
catalog number
2008.0175.02

Chronograph

From its infancy, timekeeping has depended on astronomy. The motion of celestial bodies relative to the rotating Earth provided the most precise measure of time until the mid-twentieth century, when quartz and atomic clocks proved more constant.
Description
From its infancy, timekeeping has depended on astronomy. The motion of celestial bodies relative to the rotating Earth provided the most precise measure of time until the mid-twentieth century, when quartz and atomic clocks proved more constant. Until that time, mechanical observatory clocks were set and continuously corrected to agree with astronomical observations.
The application of electricity to observatory timepieces in the late 1840s revolutionized the way American astronomers noted the exact movement of celestial events. U.S. Coast Survey teams devised a method to telegraph clock beats, both within an observatory and over long distances, and to record both the beats and the moment of observation simultaneously. British astronomers dubbed it the "American method of astronomical observation" and promptly adopted it themselves.
Transmitting clock beats by telegraph not only provided astronomers with a means of recording the exact moment of astronomical observations but also gave surveyors a means of determining longitude. Because the Earth rotates on its axis every twenty-four hours, longitude and time are equivalent (fifteen degrees of longitude equals one hour).
In 1849 William Cranch Bond, then director of the Harvard College Observatory, devised an important improvement for clocks employed in the "American method." He constructed several versions of break-circuit devices—electrical contracts and insulators attached to the mechanical clock movement—for telegraphing clock beats once a second. The Bond regulator shown in the forground incorporates such a device. Bond's son Richard designed the accompanying drum chronograph, an instrument that touched a pen to a paper-wrapped cylinder to record both the beats of the clock and the instant of a celestial event, signaled when an observer pressed a telegraph key.
Location
Currently not on view (unidentified components)
Currently not on view (weight (?))
Date made
ca 1868
maker
William Bond & Son
ID Number
ME.318759
catalog number
318759
accession number
230288

Binocular Telescope

Ever since the invention of the telescope around 1600, many opticians have considered the advantages of binocular telescopes, and some actually produced instruments of this sort. The form, however, did not become widely available until the latter decades of the19th century.
Description
Ever since the invention of the telescope around 1600, many opticians have considered the advantages of binocular telescopes, and some actually produced instruments of this sort. The form, however, did not become widely available until the latter decades of the19th century. This example is an aluminum instrument with aluminum sunshades. The objective lenses are about 1.6 inches diameter; the length overall, when closed, is about 11 inches. One eyepiece barrel is marked “T. W. Watson / Optician” and the other is marked “4 Pall Mall / London.” The cross frame has two knobs, one for focusing and one for adjusting the inter-ocular distance. The barrels are covered with black leather. The case is brown leather.
T. W. Watson (fl. 1868 to 1884) sold guns and optical instruments.
Location
Currently not on view
date made
late 19th century
ID Number
1983.0515.01
catalog number
1983.0515.01
accession number
1983.0515

Spectrophotometer

Arnold O. Beckman, a professor of chemistry at the California Institute of Technology, established National Technical Laboratories in Pasadena, Ca., in 1935. That firm introduced the DU spectrophotometer in 1941.
Description
Arnold O. Beckman, a professor of chemistry at the California Institute of Technology, established National Technical Laboratories in Pasadena, Ca., in 1935. That firm introduced the DU spectrophotometer in 1941. Using quartz rather than ordinary glass, this instrument extended observations into the near ultra-violet. The form remained on the market until 1976, with thousands of examples sold. This one, serial number 42175, came from the National Institutes of Health.
Location
Currently not on view
ID Number
1981.0535.06
catalog number
1981.0535.06
accession number
1981.0535
serial number
42175

Spectroscope

Currently not on view
Location
Currently not on view
ID Number
ZZ.RSN83535W51

Inverted Pendulum Seismograph

Arthur J. Weed was a skilled mechanic who, as chief instrument maker of the U.S. Weather Bureau, built and maintained the seismograph that Charles Marvin had designed in 1895.
Description
Arthur J. Weed was a skilled mechanic who, as chief instrument maker of the U.S. Weather Bureau, built and maintained the seismograph that Charles Marvin had designed in 1895. Moving in 1920 to the Rouss Physical Laboratory at the University of Virginia in Charlottesville, Weed gained access to resources that allowed him to go further in this field. With the aid of engineering students, Weed built a inverted pendulum seismograph with a 750-pound weight. Photographs of Weed with this massive instrument ran as an A.P. story in several newspapers. One headline read: “Trapping earthquakes has become a popular business at the University of Virginia, where one of the most unique and sensitive seismographs in the country keeps a twenty-four hour watch for tremors.”
Weed also designed a smaller inverted pendulum seismograph that could “be used in many places where a more elaborate installation is out of the question.” One account described a cylindrical steady mass of about six pounds resting on three wires placed in the form of an equilateral triangle to which an oil damping device is attached.” This is an instrument of that sort. It came to the Smithsonian in 1963.
When Weed died in 1936, the chief seismologist of the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey noted that “the science of seismology has lost one who has given much thought to instrumental problems, an active worker and a true friend.” The American Geophysical Union noted the loss of “a member who has long been active in the field of instrumental seismology.”
Ref: “Seismograph is Homemade,” Washington Post (July 10, 1927), p. 12, and Salt Lake Tribune (July 10, 1927), p. 10.
“Something New In Seismographs,” The Telegraph (May 4, 1932).
N. H. Heck, “Arthur J. Weed,” Science 83 (1936): 404.
Location
Currently not on view
date made
ca 1930
ID Number
PH.323393
catalog number
323393
accession number
251562

Field Glasses

Brass instrument with a black japan finish. The objective lenses are about 40 mm diameter, and the optics are excellent.
Description
Brass instrument with a black japan finish. The objective lenses are about 40 mm diameter, and the optics are excellent. The “CHEVALIER * PARIS” inscription on each eyepiece refers to an optical firm that was begun by Louis Vincent Chevalier in 1765, and that was still in the business in the late 19th century. The left eye tube is marked “DAY & NIGHT / EXTRA POWER” and the right is marked “ARMY & NAVY / EXTRA POWER.” The case is black leather.
Ref: Paolo Brenni, “19th Century French Scientific Instrument Makers. II: The Chevalier Dynasty,” Bulletin of the Scientific Instrument Society 39 (1993): 11–14.
Location
Currently not on view
date made
late 19th century
maker
Chevalier
ID Number
PH.323411
catalog number
323411
accession number
251004

Edmundus Halleius

This mezzotint was issued in 1722, a year after Edmond Halley (1656-1742) was named Astronomer Royal. The signatures at bottom read “T. Murray pinx.
Description
This mezzotint was issued in 1722, a year after Edmond Halley (1656-1742) was named Astronomer Royal. The signatures at bottom read “T. Murray pinx. 1712” and “John Faber Fecit 1722” and “Sold by John Bowles at the Black Horse in Cornhill.” The text identifies Halley as “Astronomus Regius et Geometriæ Professor Savilianus.”
This half-length portrait print is based on a full-length oil portrait done in 1712 by Thomas Murray, a painter from Scotland who enjoyed prominence and prosperity in England. Murray depicted Halley as the Savilian Professor of Geometry at the University of Oxford, wearing a long wig, clerical bands (a symbol of ecclesiastical or academic profession) around his neck, and a fur vest. The mezzotint was done by John Faber Jr., an artist from The Hague who spent his working life in London. It was sold by John Bowles, a printmaker and dealer in London.
Ref: D. W. Hughes, “The Portraits of Edmond Halley,” Vistas in Astronomy 27 (1984): 55-62.
Location
Currently not on view
date made
1722
ID Number
PH.329182
catalog number
329182
accession number
280072

Prism Binoculars

Aluminum binoculars with a black finish, and black leather on the barrels. The left eye plate is marked “CARL ZEISS / JENA” and the right on is marked “DELACTIS / 1135801 / 8 x 40.” The objective lenses are 40 mm diameter.
Description
Aluminum binoculars with a black finish, and black leather on the barrels. The left eye plate is marked “CARL ZEISS / JENA” and the right on is marked “DELACTIS / 1135801 / 8 x 40.” The objective lenses are 40 mm diameter. The eyepieces are separately adjustable as is the inter-ocular distance. The case is black leather.
Zeiss produced the Delactis form between 1921 and 1936.
Location
Currently not on view
date made
1921-1936
maker
Zeiss
ID Number
PH.336784
catalog number
336784
accession number
1978.2216

J. D’ALEMBERT

This half-length engraved portrait of Jean LeRond d’Alembert (1717-1783) shows this French mathematician and philosophe sitting with quill pen in one hand and dividers in the other.
Description
This half-length engraved portrait of Jean LeRond d’Alembert (1717-1783) shows this French mathematician and philosophe sitting with quill pen in one hand and dividers in the other. Papers, books, and other drawing instruments are strewn across the desk in front of him, and more books, a rolled chart, and a globe sit on the cabinet behind. The text at bottom reads: “Dessiné par M. R. Jollain, Peintre du Roi, et Gravé par B. L. Henriquez, Graveur de S. M. I. de / toutes les Russies, et de l’Academie Imperiale des Beaux Arts de St. Petersbourg.”
This image was published in Paris in 1777, along with similar portraits of Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Diderot, the other principal authors of the Encyclopédie. The prints were commissioned by Charles-Joseph Panckoucke, the Paris bookman who was then producing a Supplément to the Encyclopédie. They sold for three francs each. Nicholas-René Jollain was an artist in Paris. Benoît-Louis Henriquez was an engraver in Paris.
Ref: Thomas L. Hankins, Jean d’Alembert. Science and the Enlightenment (Oxford, 1970).
George B. Watts, “The Supplément and the Table Analytique et Rainsonée of the Encyclopédie,” The French Review 28 (1954): 4-19, on 16.
Location
Currently not on view
date made
1777
ID Number
PH.329189
accession number
280072
catalog number
329189

Duplex Pendulum Seismograph

A paper label on this seismograph reads “Made from the Designs of Professor Ewing of Dundee, by the California Electric Works, 35 Market street, San Francisco; and recommended for use in California by Professor LeConte of Berkeley and by Professor Holden, Director of the Lick Obs
Description
A paper label on this seismograph reads “Made from the Designs of Professor Ewing of Dundee, by the California Electric Works, 35 Market street, San Francisco; and recommended for use in California by Professor LeConte of Berkeley and by Professor Holden, Director of the Lick Observatory.”
James Alfred Ewing was a young Scottish physicist/engineer who, while teaching in Tokyo in the years between 1878 and 1883, designed several seismographs. Among these was a duplex pendulum instrument that recorded the two horizontal components of earthquakes. It was, he claimed, “comparatively cheap and simple” and was “employed by many private observers in Japan.”
The Cambridge Scientific Instrument Company in England began manufacturing Ewing’s several seismographs in 1886. The first examples in the United States were installed in the Lick Observatory on Mount Hamilton and in the University of California at Berkeley. Edward Holden was then director of the former and president of the latter, and Joseph LeConte was professor of geology at Berkeley.
Enthusiastic about the new science of seismology, Holden and LeConte convinced Paul Seiler, head of an electrical apparatus supply firm in San Francisco, to manufacture duplex pendulum seismographs that would sell for $15 apiece (rather than the $75 charged by the English firm). Over a dozen examples are known to have been distributed across the country and around the world, some recording earthquakes as early as 1889. This one came to the Smithsonian in 1964, a gift of Case Institute of Technology in Cleveland, Ohio.
Ref: Edward S. Holden, Handbook of the Lick Observatory (San Francisco, 1888), pp. 54-56.
Edward S. Holden and Joseph LeConte, “Use of the Ewing Duplex Seismometer” (1887), reprinted in Holden, “Earthquakes on the Pacific Coast,” Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 1087 (1898).
Location
Currently not on view
date made
late 1880s
maker
California Electrical Works
ID Number
PH.323669
catalog number
323669
accession number
251332

Guinea Pig Holder

The Voges guinea pig holder was associated with the German physician, Daniel Wilhelm Otto Voges (b. 1867).Ref: P. E. Archinard, Microscopy, Bacteriology, and Human Parasitology (Philadelphia and New York, 1903), p. 86.Currently not on view
Description
The Voges guinea pig holder was associated with the German physician, Daniel Wilhelm Otto Voges (b. 1867).
Ref: P. E. Archinard, Microscopy, Bacteriology, and Human Parasitology (Philadelphia and New York, 1903), p. 86.
Location
Currently not on view
date made
after 1895
ID Number
MG.253100.10
catalog number
253100.10
accession number
253100
catalog number
M-10523

Bacterial Filter

In 1884, Charles Chamberland (1851-1908), a microbiologist working with Louis Pasteur in Paris, designed a filter that could remove bacteria from water. The inscriptions on this example read "F. Societe du Filtre Chamberland Systeme Pasteur. H. B.
Description
In 1884, Charles Chamberland (1851-1908), a microbiologist working with Louis Pasteur in Paris, designed a filter that could remove bacteria from water. The inscriptions on this example read "F. Societe du Filtre Chamberland Systeme Pasteur. H. B. & Cie / 58 Rue Notre-Dame-de-Lorette Paris Choisy-le-Roi" and "Made in France / Controle."
Location
Currently not on view
Date made
1884
maker
H.B. & Cie.
Hautin, Boulenger and Company
ID Number
MG.M-02833
catalog number
M-02833
accession number
109831

Opera Glasses

Each eyecup of this small instrument is marked “LEMAIRE FABT * PARIS .” The objective lenses are 30 mm diameter and the optics are good. The frame is a gilt metal. The barrels, eyecups and center focusing wheel are covered with mother of pearl.
Description
Each eyecup of this small instrument is marked “LEMAIRE FABT * PARIS .” The objective lenses are 30 mm diameter and the optics are good. The frame is a gilt metal. The barrels, eyecups and center focusing wheel are covered with mother of pearl. An image of a bee, the Lemaire logo, appears on the central brace; if there was once a number there, it is not now visible. The red leather carrying case is probably not original.
Jacques Lemaire began making opera glasses in 1847 and was soon a major manufacturer noted for using mechanization, division of labor and interchangeable parts. M.J.B. Baille joined the firm in 1871, and took charge in 1885.
Ref: Nicholas Gilman, A Dividend to Labor: A Study of Employers’ Welfare Institutions (Boston and New York, 1899), pp. 297–304.
Location
Currently not on view
date made
1850-1900
maker
Lemaire
ID Number
PH.336803
catalog number
336803
accession number
1978.2216

Hartman's Planispheric Astrolabe

The astrolabe is an astronomical calculating device used from ancient times into the eighteenth century. Measuring the height of a star using the back of the instrument, and knowing the latitude, one could find the time of night and the position of other stars.
Description
The astrolabe is an astronomical calculating device used from ancient times into the eighteenth century. Measuring the height of a star using the back of the instrument, and knowing the latitude, one could find the time of night and the position of other stars. The openwork piece on the front, called the rete, is a star map of the northern sky. Pointers on the rete correspond to stars; the outermost circle is the Tropic of Capricorn, and the circle that is off-center represents the zodiac, the apparent annual motion of the sun. Engraved plates that fit below the rete have scales of altitude and azimuth (arc of the horizon) for specific latitudes. This brass astrolabe has four plates; one may well be a replacement. It was made in Nuremberg by Georg Hartman in 1537. An inscription on the inside of the instrument states that it once belonged to the Italian mathematician and astronomer Galileo Galilei (1564-1642).
Reference:
For a detailed description of this object, see Sharon Gibbs with George Saliba, Planispheric Astrolabes from the National Museum of American History, Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1984, pp. 146-150. The object is referred to in the catalog as CCA No. 262.
Location
Currently not on view
Date made
1537
possible owner
Galilei, Galileo
maker
Hartman, Georg
ID Number
MA.336117
catalog number
336117
accession number
215454

Telescope

This telescope came from Baldwin Wallace College in Berea, Ohio.
Description
This telescope came from Baldwin Wallace College in Berea, Ohio. It has a 2¾ inch achromatic objective, a brass tube 45 inches long, a finder scope, several eyepieces (terrestrial and celestial), and a mahogany case with brass hardware.
The Baldwin Institute, established by John Baldwin in 1845, was a Methodist school that admitted students without regard for race or gender. It became Baldwin University in 1853. It merged with the nearby Wallace College in 1913 to become Baldwin-Wallace College. It became Baldwin Wallace University in 2012.
Location
Currently not on view
ID Number
1985.0386.005
catalog number
1985.0386.005
accession number
1985.0386

Telescope

Brass telescope with a 3.5 inch achromatic objective, three eyepieces, finder, two telescoping braces, handles for movement in altitude and azimuth, and a pillar-and-tripod stand. The tube is 39.5 inches long.
Description
Brass telescope with a 3.5 inch achromatic objective, three eyepieces, finder, two telescoping braces, handles for movement in altitude and azimuth, and a pillar-and-tripod stand. The tube is 39.5 inches long. The “TROUGHTON LONDON” inscription on the faceplate is that of Edward Troughton, a noted optical and mathematical instrument maker who began working on his own in 1805. Troughton took a partner in 1824 and began trading as Troughton & Simms.
The telescope fits into a mahogany case with brass hardware. The attached shipping labels refer to Dr. W. H. Fishburn, Dr. Henry Van Bergen, and J. C. Leeds.
Ref: A. W. Skempton and Joyce Brown, “John and Edward Troughton, Mathematical Instrument Makers,” Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 26 (1971): 233-262.
Anita McConnell, “Edward Troughton,” in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
Anita McConnell, Instrument Makers to the World. A History of Cooke, Troughton & Simms (York, 1992).
Location
Currently not on view
date made
1805 - 1824
maker
Troughton, Edward
ID Number
1983.0088.001
catalog number
1983.0088.001
accession number
1983.0088

GitHub

This white sticker shows a black cat with a brown face standing on a blue circle. At the bottom in black text it reads "GitHub."GitHub, founded in 2008, has its headquarters in San Francisco, CA.
Description
This white sticker shows a black cat with a brown face standing on a blue circle. At the bottom in black text it reads "GitHub."
GitHub, founded in 2008, has its headquarters in San Francisco, CA. The company’s mission is to connect software developers and make it easy for them to collaborate by providing a software development platform where a user can host and review code, manage projects, and build software alongside other developers. It offers software development applications, custom tools and version control. GitHub, free for public and open source projects, offers secure private repositories with a paid plan.
Location
Currently not on view
date made
ca 2017
ID Number
2018.3049.01
nonaccession number
2018.3049
catalog number
2018.3049.01

"Ghostrider" Robot Motorcycle

“Ghostrider” is a robot motorcycle that drives itself, with no human intervention once it is underway. The motorcycle was the only two-wheeled entrant in the autonomous vehicle races of 2004 and 2005 sponsored by Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA).
Description
“Ghostrider” is a robot motorcycle that drives itself, with no human intervention once it is underway. The motorcycle was the only two-wheeled entrant in the autonomous vehicle races of 2004 and 2005 sponsored by Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). The goal of the races was to stimulate invention for a future fleet of driverless military ground vehicles. Congress funded the competitions to support its directive that one-third of U.S. military ground vehicles be unmanned by 2015.
The robot is based on a Yamaha 90cc-engine racing motorcycle, a small vehicle designed for teenagers. For the 2004 race, the motorcycle was modified to carry two arms to right the vehicle after a fall; video cameras; computers; a GPS receiver; inertial measurement units (IMUs) to measure the angle of the vehicle; and motors to actuate the throttle, clutch and steering. For the 2005 race, cameras and GPS receiver were upgraded. “Ghostrider” covered with sponsor decals and race number: 7.
The group developing “Ghostrider,” originated at University of California, Berkeley, and called itself the Blue Team. Team members included leader Anthony Levandowski, who specialized in developing the robot’s software for obstacle avoidance; Charles Smart, in charge of programming the GPS and stability; Andrew Schultz, in charge of programming the electrical engines; Bryon Majusiale, team mechanic and frame fabrication; and Howard Chau, mechanical design .
Location
Currently not on view
date made
2004
ID Number
2007.0202.01
accession number
2007.0202
catalog number
2007.0202.01

Engraving of fish species "Pomotis heros, Pomotis fallax"

William Dougal (1822–1895) of Washington, D.C. engraved this print of fish species, "Pomotis heros [B&G] and Pomotis fallax [B&G]," after an original sketch by John H. Richard (c.1807–1881) of Philadelphia.
Description (Brief)
William Dougal (1822–1895) of Washington, D.C. engraved this print of fish species, "Pomotis heros [B&G] and Pomotis fallax [B&G]," after an original sketch by John H. Richard (c.1807–1881) of Philadelphia. The engraving was printed as Plate 2 in “Ichthyology of the Boundary” by Charles Girard (1822-1895), published in Volume 2, Part 2 of the Report on the United States and Mexican Boundary Survey. The volume was printed in 1859 by Cornelius Wendell of Washington, D.C.
Description
William Dougal (1822–1895) of Washington, D.C. engraved this print of “Pomotis heros [B&G]and Pomotis fallax [B&G];” now "Lepomis macrochirus" (Bluegill) and "Lepomis megalotis" (Longear sunfish); from an original sketch likely drawn by John H. Richard (c.1807–1881) of Philadelphia. The illustration was published as Plate 2 in the “Fishes” section of the second part of volume II of the Report on the United States and Mexican Boundary Survey, written by Charles Girard (1822–1895). The volume was printed in 1859 by Cornelius Wendell of Washington, D.C.
Location
Currently not on view
date of book publication
1859
original artist
Richard, John H.
graphic artist
Dougal, William H.
author
Girard, Charles
printer
Wendell, Cornelius
author
Emory, William H.
publisher
U.S. Department of the Interior
U.S. Army
ID Number
2009.0115.071
catalog number
2009.0115.071
accession number
2009.0115

Engraving of fish species "Anguilla tyrannus"

William Dougal (1822–1895) of Washington, D.C. is believed to have engraved this print of eel species Anguilla tyrannus (now Anguilla rostrata) after an original illustration by John H. Richard (c.1807-1881) also of Washington, D.C.
Description (Brief)
William Dougal (1822–1895) of Washington, D.C. is believed to have engraved this print of eel species Anguilla tyrannus (now Anguilla rostrata) after an original illustration by John H. Richard (c.1807-1881) also of Washington, D.C. The illustration was printed as Plate 40 in “Ichthology of the Boundary” by Charles Girard (1822–1895), published in Volume 2, Part 2 of the Report on the United States and Mexican Boundary Survey. The volume was printed in 1859 by Cornelius Wendell of Washington, D.C.
Description
William Dougal (1822–1895) of Washington, D.C. engraved this print of “Anguilla tyrannus [Grd]”, now "Anguilla rostrata" or American eel, from an original sketch likely drawn by John H. Richard (c.1807–1881) of Philadelphia. The illustration was printed as Plate 40 in the “Fishes” section of the second part of volume II of the Report on the United States and Mexican Boundary Survey, written by Charles Girard (1822–1895). The volume was printed in 1859 by Cornelius Wendell of Washington, D.C.
Location
Currently not on view
date of book publication
1859
publisher
U.S. Department of the Interior
printer
Wendell, Cornelius
author
Emory, William H.
Girard, Charles
original artist
Richard, John H.
graphic artist
Dougal, William H.
ID Number
2009.0115.106
catalog number
2009.0115.106
accession number
2009.0115

Engraving of fish species "Moniana rutila, Moniana formosa, Moniana gibbosa, Moniana aurata, Moniana frigida, Moniana couchi"

William Dougal (1822–1895) of Washington, D.C. engraved this print of six fish species after original sketches by John H. Richard (c.1807–1881) of Philadelphia.
Description (Brief)
William Dougal (1822–1895) of Washington, D.C. engraved this print of six fish species after original sketches by John H. Richard (c.1807–1881) of Philadelphia. The engraving was printed as Plate 30 in "Ichthyology of the Boundary” by Charles Girard (1822-1895), published in Volume 2, Part 2 of the Report on the United States and Mexican Boundary Survey. The volume was printed in 1859 by Cornelius Wendell of Washington, D.C. The fish species illustrated include: Moniana rutila [Grd], Moniana formosa [Grd], Moniana gibbosa [Grd], Moniana aurata [Grd], Moniana frigida [Grd], and Moniana couchi [Grd].
Description
William Dougal (1822–1895) of Washington, D.C. engraved this print of “Moniana rutila [Grd], Moniana formosa [Grd], Moniana gibbosa [Grd], Moniana aurata [Grd], Moniana frigida [Grd], Moniana couchi [Grd];” now "Cyprinella rutila" (Mexican shiner), "Cyprinella formosa" (Beautiful shiner), "Cyprinella leutrensis" (Red shiner), "Cyprinella proserpina" (Proserpine shiner), "Cyprinella lutrensis" (Red shiner), and "Cyprinella lutrensis" (Red shiner), from an original sketch by John H. Richard (c.1807–1881) of Philadelphia. The illustration was printed as Plate 30 in the “Fishes” section of the second part of volume II of the Report on the United States and Mexican Boundary Survey, written by Charles Girard (1822–1895). The volume was printed in 1859 by Cornelius Wendell of Washington, D.C.
Location
Currently not on view
date of book publication
1859
publisher
U.S. Department of the Interior
printer
Wendell, Cornelius
author
Emory, William H.
original artist
Richard, John H.
graphic artist
Dougal, William H.
author
Girard, Charles
publisher
U.S. Army
ID Number
2009.0115.096
catalog number
2009.0115.096
accession number
2009.0115

Engraving of toad and salamander species"Scaphiopus couchii, Amblystoma proserpina, Amblystoma texana"

William Dougal (1822–1895) of Washington, D.C. engraved this print ofdifferent reptile species after original illustrations by John H. Richard (c.1807-1881) of Philadelphia. The engraving was published as Plate 35 in “Reptiles of the Boundary” by S. F.
Description (Brief)
William Dougal (1822–1895) of Washington, D.C. engraved this print of
different reptile species after original illustrations by John H. Richard (c.1807-1881) of Philadelphia. The engraving was published as Plate 35 in “Reptiles of the Boundary” by S. F. Baird (1823–1887), published in Volume 2, Part 2 of the Report on the United States and Mexican Boundary Survey. The volume was printed in 1859 by Cornelius Wendell of Washington, D.C. The species illustrated describe: “Scaphiopus couchii [Baird], Ambytoma proserpina [B & G], and Ambystoma texana [Baird]”—; now Scaphiopus couchii (common name Couch’s spadefoot or Spadefoot toad), "Ambystoma mavortium" (common name Western tiger salamander) and "Ambystoma texanum" (common name Texas salamander).
Description
William Dougal (1822–1895) of Washington, D.C. engraved this print of “Scaphiopus couchii [Baird], Ambytoma proserpina [B & G], and Ambystoma texana [Baird]”—; now Scaphiopus couchii (Couch’s spadefoot or Spadefoot toad), "Ambystoma mavortium" (Western tiger salamander) and "Ambystoma texanum" (Texas salamander); from an original sketch by John H. Richard (c. 1807–1881) of Philadelphia. The illustration was printed as Plate 35 in the “Reptiles” section of the second part of volume II of the Report on the United States and Mexican Boundary Survey, written by S.F. Baird (1823–1887). The volume was printed in 1859 by Cornelius Wendell of Washington, D.C.
Location
Currently not on view
date of book publication
1859
author
Baird, Spencer Fullerton
original artist
Richard, John H.
graphic artist
Dougal, William H.
printer
Wendell, Cornelius
author
Emory, William H.
publisher
U.S. Department of the Interior
U.S. Army
ID Number
2009.0115.059
catalog number
2009.0115.059
accession number
2009.0115

Engraving of fish species "Otolithus drummondii"

William Dougal (1822–1895) of Washington, D.C. engraved this print of the fish species Otolithus drummondii [Richards] after original sketches by John H. Richard (c.1807–1881) of Philadelphia.
Description (Brief)
William Dougal (1822–1895) of Washington, D.C. engraved this print of the fish species Otolithus drummondii [Richards] after original sketches by John H. Richard (c.1807–1881) of Philadelphia. The engraving was printed as Plate 6 in “Ichthyology of the Boundary” by Charles Girard (1822-1895), published in Volume 2, Part 2 of the Report on the United States and Mexican Boundary Survey. The volume was printed in 1859 by Cornelius Wendell of Washington, D.C.
Description
William Dougal (1822–1895) of Washington, D.C. engraved this print of “Otolithus drummondii [Richards]”, now "Cynoscion nebulosus" or Spotted seatrout, from an original sketch likely drawn by John H. Richard (c.1807–1881) of Philadelphia. The illustration was printed as Plate 6 in the “Fishes” section of the second part of volume II of the Report on the United States and Mexican Boundary Survey, written by Charles Girard (1822–1895). The volume was printed in 1859 by Cornelius Wendell of Washington, D.C.
Location
Currently not on view
date of book publication
1859
original artist
Richard, John H.
graphic artist
Dougal, William H.
printer
Wendell, Cornelius
author
Emory, William H.
publisher
U.S. Department of the Interior
author
Girard, Charles
publisher
U.S. Army
ID Number
2009.0115.075
catalog number
2009.0115.075
accession number
2009.0115

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