Science & Mathematics

Chemical Balance

The Museum's collections hold thousands of objects related to chemistry, biology, physics, astronomy, and other sciences. Instruments range from early American telescopes to lasers. Rare glassware and other artifacts from the laboratory of Joseph Priestley, the discoverer of oxygen, are among the scientific treasures here. A Gilbert chemistry set of about 1937 and other objects testify to the pleasures of amateur science. Artifacts also help illuminate the social and political history of biology and the roles of women and minorities in science.

The mathematics collection holds artifacts from slide rules and flash cards to code-breaking equipment. More than 1,000 models demonstrate some of the problems and principles of mathematics, and 80 abstract paintings by illustrator and cartoonist Crockett Johnson show his visual interpretations of mathematical theorems.

Place: Illinois

Frederick Post Model 1795 Blackboard Compass

In the years following the Civil War, American mathematics teachers began to use oversized compasses like this one to draw circles on a chalkboard. This example was sold by the Frederick Post Company of Chicago.
Description
In the years following the Civil War, American mathematics teachers began to use oversized compasses like this one to draw circles on a chalkboard. This example was sold by the Frederick Post Company of Chicago. It consists of two maple arms, each about sixteen inches (41 centimeters) long, which are held together by a wing nut at one end. At the other end are a rubber tip and a piece of chalk.
Makers often sold such instruments as part of a set that also included a straight edge, a protractor, a T square, and a triangle. After passage of the National Defense Education Act in 1958, such instruments could be purchased by secondary schools with subsidies from the federal government. This particular instrument was used by Margaret G. Aldrich (1918-2007), who taught at Montgomery College from 1957 to 1984, chairing of the math department on the Takoma Park campus for many years. She had an undergraduate degree in mathematics and an M.A. in psychology, both from the University of Minnesota.
Blackboard dividers that are different from this instrument are advertised as model number 1781 in the Frederick Post Company's 1930 and 1936 catalogs. The instrument is not shown in the 1949–1950 catalog.
Location
Currently not on view
date made
ca 1950
maker
Frederick Post Company
ID Number
1999.0117.01
catalog number
1999.0117.01
accession number
1999.0117

Dietzgen 1760 Mannheim Simplex Slide Rule

This one-sided, ten-inch wooden rule is faced with white plastic. The front of the base has A and D scales, with B and C scales on one side of the slide and S, L (which is unlettered), and T scales on the other side of the slide. The slide is slightly longer than the base.
Description
This one-sided, ten-inch wooden rule is faced with white plastic. The front of the base has A and D scales, with B and C scales on one side of the slide and S, L (which is unlettered), and T scales on the other side of the slide. The slide is slightly longer than the base. The very thin glass indicator has a brass frame. The rule boasts Dietzgen's "Improved Automatic Adjustment," three flat springs in slots under the A scale that are adjusted with four screws on the back of the instrument. This mechanism was designed to prevent warping or shrinking of the rule from interfering with uniform movement of the slide.
The top edge of the instrument is beveled and has a scale of inches, divided to 1/32-inch. The bottom edge is flat and has a scale of centimeters, divided to millimeters. The back of the base is notched on the right end. A table of equivalents is pasted to the back of the instrument. The center of the table is marked: EUGENE DIETZGEN CO. (/) CHICAGO NEW YORK SAN FRANCISCO (/) NEW ORLEANS PITTSBURGH (/) PHILADELPHIA WASHINGTON (/) MILWAUKEE LOS ANGELES. On the front, the bottom of the base is marked (in red): DIETZGEN. The base is marked under the slide: WIELER. The right edge of the slide is marked (in white): 1760. A brown leather case is marked in gold on the flap: DIETZGEN. Inside the flap is written in ink: WIELER (/) R. W. ORY.
Catalogs for Dietzgen of Chicago indicate that the company introduced the improved adjustment in 1910. It was initially used on model 1769, which was 16" long and had letters on both ends of the scales until 1919, when model 1769 became a 10" rule with letters only on the right of the scales that sold in a morocco leather case for $6.50. It remained available on Dietzgen price lists through at least 1928, when the instrument was renumbered in catalogs to model 1760L. Model 1760 sold with a leather case (the L in the model number) for $6.35 until 1941. According to the donor, this instrument was used by her husband, the electrical engineer Robert H. Wieler (1923–1993).
References: Catalogue & Price List of Eugene Dietzgen Co., 9th ed. (Chicago, 1910), 214, 217; Catalogue & Price List of Eugene Dietzgen Co., 10th ed. (Chicago, 1919), 78; Catalog of Eugene Dietzgen Co., 12th ed. (Chicago, 1926), 172, 174; Peter M. Hopp, Slide Rules: Their History, Models, and Makers (Mendham, N.J.: Astragal Press, 1999), 159.
Location
Currently not on view
date made
1928-1941
maker
Eugene Dietzgen Company
ID Number
1998.0032.02
catalog number
1998.0032.02
accession number
1998.0032

Safe-T 43032 4-in-1 Primary Rule

On one side, this 12" white plastic ruler has a scale of inches without any subdivisions along one edge and a scale of inches divided to 1/2" along the other edge. The ruler is marked: SAFE-T Products™, Inc. (/) Bensenville, IL 60106-0316.
Description
On one side, this 12" white plastic ruler has a scale of inches without any subdivisions along one edge and a scale of inches divided to 1/2" along the other edge. The ruler is marked: SAFE-T Products™, Inc. (/) Bensenville, IL 60106-0316. It is also marked: 4-in-1 PRIMARY SAFE-T RULER® 43032. It is also marked: SAFE-T PLASTIC®.
The other side has a scale of 30 centimeters along one edge, without any subdivisions, and a scale of inches divided to 1/4" along the other edge. This side is marked: 4-in-1 PRIMARY SAFE-T RULER® 43032. It is also marked: SAFE-T PLASTIC®.
Safe-T Products, Inc., was established in La Grange, Ill., in 1992 to make drawing instruments that were safe for children. Since model 43032 was flexible, it could also be used to measure arcs and circles. It sold for 89¢ in 2000. In 2006 Safe-T was absorbed into Classroom Products Warehouse of Vernon Hills, Ill.
References: Classroom Products Warehouse, "About Us," http://www.classroomproductswarehouse.com/cpw/aboutus.jsp; accession file.
Location
Currently not on view
date made
2000
distributor
Extra Measures, Inc.
maker
Safe-T Products, Inc.
ID Number
2000.0160.13
accession number
2000.0160
catalog number
2000.0160.13

Graphic Calculator Pumping Percentage Circular Slide Chart for Calgon

This circular slide chart consists of two plastic discs of equal size held together at the center by a metal rivet. The bottom disc is white, with a green logarithmic scale around the edge that runs from 8 to 20.
Description
This circular slide chart consists of two plastic discs of equal size held together at the center by a metal rivet. The bottom disc is white, with a green logarithmic scale around the edge that runs from 8 to 20. The top disc is clear around the edge (making it possible to see the lower scale) and gray in the center. Around the gray region is a circular logarithmic scale that also runs from 8 to 20. According to the instructions on the object, one rotates the upper disc to set the pumped weight on the inner scale opposite the green weight on the outer scale. The “Percent Pump” can then be read through a window in the upper disc. It ranges from 0 to 20.
The green weight of a processed food is the weight before processing, while the pumped weight is weight after processing. This device allows one to find the percentage by which the weight of a product has increased as a result of processing. USDA regulations require that, if the pumped weight of a meat product exceeds the green weight, the substances added be indicated.
The top disc is marked: PUMPING (/) PERCENTAGE (/) CALCULATOR. It is also marked: CURAFOS. It is also marked : CALGON CO. (/) PITTSBURGH 30, PENNSYLVANIA. On the bottom disc is marked: Copyright 1959 Hagan Chemicals & Controls, Inc. It is also marked: MANUFACTURED BY (/) GRAPHIC CALCULATOR CO., CHICAGO 5, ILL.
Graphic Calculator Company was a slide rule manufacturing and design company founded in Chicago in 1940 by Capron R. Gulbransen and apparently still in business at the time of his death in 1969. Curafos was the trademark for a chemical compound used in the treatment of meat and meat products to improve their color and moisture retention. The chemical was introduced by CALGON Co. in 1953, with the trademark granted in 1955. CALGON was a subsidiary of Hagan Corporation until 1956, when Hagan Corporation was renamed Hagan Chemicals and Controls. In 1963, Hagan Chemicals and Controls sold its Controls Division to Westinghouse, and the remaining firm became Calgon Corporation. These changes in corporate name are consistent with the copyright date of 1959 on the instrument.
References: Processing Inspectors’ Calculations Handbook, United States Department of Agriculture Food Safety Inspection Service, rev. ed. (Washington, DC, 1995), 83, http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/rdad/FSISDirectives/7620-3.pdf; Obituaries, Chicago Tribune, August 11, 1969, p. A6.
Location
Currently not on view
date made
1959-1963
maker
Graphic Calculator Co.
ID Number
2000.3029.13
nonaccession number
2000.3029
catalog number
2000.3029.13

Safe-T 45762 Blackboard Compass

This is an oversized form of the Safe-T Compass (1998.0033.03), for use at a blackboard or dry erase board. It is a white plastic wedge-shaped instrument, with a rotating clear plastic disc set inside the wide end of the wedge.
Description
This is an oversized form of the Safe-T Compass (1998.0033.03), for use at a blackboard or dry erase board. It is a white plastic wedge-shaped instrument, with a rotating clear plastic disc set inside the wide end of the wedge. Both long edges of the wedge have a row of 9 circular holes. The holes are marked for the radius of various circles, from 1" to 5". To draw a large circle, a marker or piece of chalk is placed in the desired hole and the instrument is rotated while the user holds the disc. Note that the circle radii are those that may be drawn with the pocket-sized version of the instrument. This compass actually draws circles with radii from 3" to 15". One long edge of the wedge has a scale marked for four inches, divided to 16ths of an inch. The other edge has a scale marked for ten centimeters, divided to millimeters. Both scales are oversized.
Seven holes are in the disc. A piece of black rubber in the center hole attaches the instrument more securely to the blackboard. To draw a small circle of up to 3/8" radius, a marker or piece of chalk is placed in the desired hole and used to rotate the disc, while the wedge is held in place. Again, this instrument actually draws larger circles. The wedge is marked: SAFE-T (/) COMPASS® (/) Bensenville, IL 60106-0316 (/) #45762 Pat. #5,615,485. It is also marked: π = 3.1416 (/) A = πr2 (/) C = πd. The donor applied for the patent listed on this instrument in 1995 and simultaneously assigned it to Safe-T Products, Inc. A company catalog in the accession file indicates the compass sold for $18.95 around 2000.
According to the donor, the Safe-T compass, invented by Jack Kettlestrings of Naperville, Ill., was the first product of Safe-T Products, Inc., and Extra Measures, Inc. These related companies were established in the northwest Chicago suburbs in 1992 and 1997, respectively, to sell drawing instruments that were safe for children. For instance, as the donor noted, the compass is too wide to be swallowed, and the plastic bends, but does not break. This concern for safety is reflected in numerous products of the time. In 2006 and 2007, Safe-T was absorbed into Classroom Products Warehouse, and Extra Measures was taken over by Learning Resources, Inc. These firms were next-door neighbors in Vernon Hills, Ill., as of 2012.
References: Accession file; Bruce Stoneberg, "Instruments for Drawing Circles" (U.S. Patent 5,615,485 issued April 1, 1997); "Corporate and Limited Liability Company Name Search," Office of the Secretary of State for the State of Illinois, http://www.ilsos.gov/corporatellc/CorporateLlcController.
Location
Currently not on view
date made
before 2000
maker
Safe-T Products, Inc.
ID Number
2000.0160.04
accession number
2000.0160
catalog number
2000.0160.04

Mathematical Table, Brinemaster dial-a-brine

By the mid-20th century, industrial chemists had introduced a form of hydrometer for measuring brine strength from the density of a water/salt solution at a known temperature.
Description
By the mid-20th century, industrial chemists had introduced a form of hydrometer for measuring brine strength from the density of a water/salt solution at a known temperature. This rotating table allows one to find the chemical properties of solutions of sodium chloride (common table salt) in water at a temperature of 60 degrees Fahrenheit in degrees of the “salometer scale.” By definition, the salometer degree indicates percentage of saturation of a salt solution. For example, a reading of 70 indicates 70% saturation. Hence the scale runs from 0 to 100.
The slide chart consists of two paper discs of the same size, with a third slightly larger disc between them. The middle disc is elongated at one end and has a hole so that it may be suspended. A metal rivet holds the discs together at the center. Cutouts in the two smaller discs allow one to read tables printed on the central disc. The front of the instrument has tables for 0 to 50, and the reverse for 51 to 100. For each salometer degree, the table lists such chemical properties of the solution as its specific gravity, the percentage by weight of sodium chloride, the weight in pounds of one gallon of brine, the number of pounds per gallon of brine of both sodium chloride and water, the weight of one cubic foot of brine, the number of pounds per cubic foot of both sodium chloride and water, the number of gallons of water per gallon of brine, the number of pounds of salt per gallon of water, and the freezing point in degrees Fahrenheit. Another table indicates how one should adjust readings in degrees salometer when measurements are taken at temperatures other than 60 degrees Fahrenheit.
A mark on the top disc reads: BRINEMASTER (/) dial-a-brine. A second mark there reads: Diamond Crystal Salt Company (/) ST. CLAIR, MICHIGAN. A mark on the bottom disc reads: Slide-Chart Copr. [sic] 1962, PERRYGRAF Corp., Maywood, Ill.
The salinity of brines was expressed in salometer degrees from at least the 19th century.
References:
L. C. Beck, “Report on the Mineralogical and Chemical Department of the Survey,” In Assembly: State of New York, Issue 150, 1841, p. 18.
E. Meriam, “American and Foreign Salt,” Sixth Annual Report of the American Institute of the City of New York, 1848, p. 207.
A. D. Morrison-Low, “Hydrometer,” Instruments of Science: An Historical Encyclopedia, eds. R. Bud and D. J. Warner, New York & London: Garland Publishing, 1998, pp. 311–313.
Location
Currently not on view
date made
ca 1962
maker
Perrygraf Corporation
ID Number
2000.3029.14
nonaccession number
2000.3029
catalog number
2000.3029.14

Safe-T Circle Perfect Compass

This instrument consists of two orange molded plastic discs held together by a metal screw and a plastic bolt, a blue pencil, and a blue plastic stylus with a metal point. The pencil and the stylus fit between the discs on opposite sides of the screw.
Description
This instrument consists of two orange molded plastic discs held together by a metal screw and a plastic bolt, a blue pencil, and a blue plastic stylus with a metal point. The pencil and the stylus fit between the discs on opposite sides of the screw. The user adjusts the screw and stylus to the desired diameter for the circle, according to a scale from zero to ten inches on the front of the instrument or a scale from zero to 24 centimeters on the back of the instrument. The compass is somewhat flimsy to operate.
The front of the disc is marked: CIRCLE™ (/) PERFECT (/) #45748. The back is also marked: pat. pend. The stylus is marked: CHINA. A blue and orange cardboard backing was held to the instrument by the screw. The back of the card has instructions and is marked: Pat. Pend. (/) Made in China (/) SAFE-T PRODUCTS™, Inc. (/) P.O. Box 692 (/) LaGrange, IL 60625 [sic]. As with other Safe-T items in the collections, this model number was used for distribution to retail stores. Extra Measures, the company associated with Safe-T Products, sold this compass through its own catalog as model number 45743 for $2.25 around 2000. For company information, see 2000.0160.04.
References: Bruce Stoneberg, "Circle Compass" (U.S. Patent 5,630,278 issued May 20, 1997); accession file.
Location
Currently not on view
date made
1997-2000
maker
Safe-T Products, Inc.
ID Number
2000.0160.07
accession number
2000.0160
catalog number
2000.0160.07

Pickett N600-ES Log Log Duplex Slide Rule

This five-inch "eye saver" yellow aluminum linear slide rule has a nylon indicator and is held together with stamped aluminum contoured posts. The front of the base has LL1, A, D, DI, and K scales, with B, ST, T, S, and C scales on the slide.
Description
This five-inch "eye saver" yellow aluminum linear slide rule has a nylon indicator and is held together with stamped aluminum contoured posts. The front of the base has LL1, A, D, DI, and K scales, with B, ST, T, S, and C scales on the slide. The left end of the slide is marked: MODEL (/) N600-ES (/) LOG LOG (/) SPEED RULE. The right end of the slide bears the form of the Pickett logo that was used between 1958 and 1962. The number 81 is printed above the logo, and MADE IN U.S.A. is printed below it.
The back of the base has LL2, DF, D, and LL3 scales, with CF, Ln, L, CI, and C scales on the front of the slide. The left end of the slide is marked: PICKETT (/) ALL METAL (/) SLIDE RULES. The right end of the slide is marked: PICKETT & ECKEL, (/) INC. (/) CHICAGO, ILL. (/) ©1962. The instrument fits in a red-orange leather case with a clip to slide over a pocket or belt. A leather strip above the clip is stamped in gold with the Pickett triangular logo and PAT. PEND. Raising the strip pulls the rule out of the case.
On January 26, 1959, John W. Pickett applied for a design patent for a slide rule case that resembles the case for this object. The patent was granted on April 5, 1960. It seems likely that the date of this rule is relatively close to the copyright date of 1962. Pickett was the son of company founder Ross C. Pickett and served as president of the firm from 1957 to 1967. For early company history, see 1979.0601.02. The company began manufacturing aluminum slide rules in Alhambra, Calif., in the early 1950s, while retaining offices in Chicago, and changed from glass to nylon indicators in 1958. In 1964, the firm moved to Santa Barbara, Calif., and changed its name from Pickett & Eckel, Inc., to Pickett Industries. In the mid-1970s, Pickett moved to Nogales, Mexico, ceased making slide rules, and was gradually subsumed into Chartpak, Inc., a maker of art supplies and office products now located in Leeds, Mass.
Its compact size and large number of scales made this model popular with engineers who had excellent vision. The Pickett 600-ES was carried on the first five Apollo flights. See the National Air and Space Museum's inventory number A19840160000.
References: John W. Pickett, "Slide Rule Case" (U.S. Patent D187,632 issued April 5, 1960); International Slide Rule Museum, "Pickett All-Metal Slide Rules," http://sliderulemuseum.com/SR_Dates.htm#Pickett; Michael Freudiger, et al., "Mathematics on the Moon: The 'Apollo' Pickett," Journal of the Oughtred Society 10, no. 2 (2001): 15–18; Eric Marcotte, "Pickett Slide Rules," http://www.sliderule.ca/pickett.htm.
Location
Currently not on view
date made
ca 1962
maker
Pickett & Eckel, Incorporated
ID Number
1998.0119.02
catalog number
1998.0119.02
accession number
1998.0119

Safe-T 43033 Fold-n-Rule

This orange plastic ruler has a 12" scale divided to 1/16" on one edge and a 30 cm scale divided to millimeters on the other edge. The rule is marked: Fold-n-RuleTM by SAFE-TTM. It is also marked: SAFE-T PLASTICTM #43033.
Description
This orange plastic ruler has a 12" scale divided to 1/16" on one edge and a 30 cm scale divided to millimeters on the other edge. The rule is marked: Fold-n-RuleTM by SAFE-TTM. It is also marked: SAFE-T PLASTICTM #43033. The shatter-resistant ruler folds in half to fit in a pocket, purse, or pencil box. It was received in clear plastic packaging with a cardboard label. According to the donor, the ruler was designed for use with an overhead projector. It sold for $1.39 in 2000.
References: Safe-T/Basics by Extra Measures, Inc., about 2000; accession file.
Location
Currently not on view
date made
2000
distributor
Extra Measures, Inc.
maker
Safe-T Products, Inc.
ID Number
2000.0160.09
accession number
2000.0160
catalog number
2000.0160.09

Safe-T 42123 Blackboard Open Triangles

These white plastic drawing instruments are blackboard-sized versions of Safe-T's set of two medium triangles, which were sold under various model numbers. A version of the set of two small triangles is ID number 1998.0033.01 in the mathematics collections.
Description
These white plastic drawing instruments are blackboard-sized versions of Safe-T's set of two medium triangles, which were sold under various model numbers. A version of the set of two small triangles is ID number 1998.0033.01 in the mathematics collections. Both of these triangles have rounded corners, triangle cutouts in their interiors, and slots for drawing the template of a triangle around the cutouts. The triangles are marked: U.S. Pat. No. 5,419,054. They are also marked: VIEW-THRUTM; SAFE-T TRIANGLETM (/) Bensenville, IL 60106-0316; SAFE-T PLASTIC®. Each angle is marked with its measurement.
The 17-3/4"30°-60°-90° triangle is also marked: 42121. On the long leg, it has a scale representing inches, divided to 1/16" for two inches and to 1/10" for three inches and numbered by ones from 1 to 5. The short leg has a scale representing centimeters that is divided to millimeters and numbered by ones from 0 to 8. The 12-7/8"45°-45°-90° triangle is also marked: 42122. One leg has a scale representing inches, divided to 1/16" for two inches and to 1/10" for two inches and numbered by ones from 1 to 4. The other leg has a scale representing centimeters that is divided to millimeters and numbered by ones from 0 to 9.
The related companies, Safe-T Products, Inc., and Extra Measures, Inc., were established in the northwest Chicago suburbs in 1992 and 1997, respectively, to sell drawing instruments that were safe for children. J. Bruce Stoneberg, who subsequently became president of Extra Measures, Inc., received a patent for this design of a plastic triangle, with safe, rounded edges, in 1995.
Catalogs from 1998 and 2000 indicate that in 2000 Safe-T began making blackboard-sized triangles and selling them in sets of two under model number 42123 for $18.95. They were manufactured from a shatter-proof k-resin plastic patented and produced by Phillips Petroleum in Texas. In 2006 Safe-T was absorbed into Classroom Products Warehouse, and in 2007 Extra Measures was taken over by Learning Resources, Inc. These firms were next-door neighbors in Vernon Hills, Ill., as of 2012.
References: accession file; J. Bruce Stoneberg, "Triangular Drafting Instrument" (U.S. Patent 5,419,054 issued May 30, 1995); SAFE-T Products, Inc., Innovative Safe Drawing and Measuring Instruments, about 1998; Safe-T/Basics by Extra Measures, Inc., about 2000; "Corporate and Limited Liability Company Name Search," Office of the Secretary of State for the State of Illinois, http://www.ilsos.gov/corporatellc/CorporateLlcController.
Location
Currently not on view
date made
2000
maker
Safe-T Products, Inc.
ID Number
2000.0160.02
accession number
2000.0160
catalog number
2000.0160.02

Datalizer Energy Operating Cost Calculator for TVA

This rectangular white cardboard rule has four slides and is held together with ten metal rivets. The top two slides are used to calculate the annual operating cost of a natural gas furnace, while the bottom two slides perform the same calculation for an electric heat pump.
Description
This rectangular white cardboard rule has four slides and is held together with ten metal rivets. The top two slides are used to calculate the annual operating cost of a natural gas furnace, while the bottom two slides perform the same calculation for an electric heat pump. Tables on the back of the instrument give values for building heat loss, typical heating system efficiencies, and heating load hours for the states covered by the Tennessee Valley Authority: Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, and Tennessee. A sample calculation is also provided on the back.
The front and back are both marked: Electricity (/) THE POWER (/) OF CHOICE. Both sides are also marked: TVA. The rule thus advertised TVA's ability to supply inexpensive public electric power and promote energy conservation. The back bottom left corner is marked: © 1990 Datalizer Slide Charts, Inc., Addison, IL 60101. A former employee of the Perrygraf (or Perry Graf) Corporation (see 1979.3074.03) established Datalizer around 1960, and the company remained in business as of 2012.
References: "From the New Deal to a New Century," Tennessee Valley Authority, http://www.tva.com/abouttva/history.htm; "Slide Chart Specialists," Datalizer Slide Charts, http://www.datalizer.com/about-us/.
Location
Currently not on view
date made
1990
maker
Datalizer Slide Charts, Incorporated
ID Number
1996.3078.02
nonaccession number
1996.3078
catalog number
1996.3078.02

Mathematical Table, Meat

Mathematical tables like this one were distributed by producers to persuade consumers of the value of their products. This instrument consists of a disc with a smaller disc that rotates above it. A metal clasp at the center holds the two pieces together.
Description
Mathematical tables like this one were distributed by producers to persuade consumers of the value of their products. This instrument consists of a disc with a smaller disc that rotates above it. A metal clasp at the center holds the two pieces together. A slot in the upper disc reveals one column of the table printed on the disc below. This table gives the percentage of daily recommended dietary allowances supplied by a 3.5 oz serving of beef, lamb, pork, and veal. The percentages are given for children of ages 3-4 years, 4-6 years, 7-9 years, and 10-12 years; teenaged boys 13-15 and 16-19 years old; teenaged girls 13-15 and 16-19 years old; women of ages 25, 45, and 65; and men of ages 25, 45, and 65. The daily requirements of protein, calories, iron, thiamine, riboflavin, and niacin supplied by a serving of meat are indicated. The back lists the nutrition provided by strained meat fed to infants and gives references for the calculations. These references date from 1950 and 1958.
The instrument is marked on the front: The percentages of (/) daily recommended dietary (/) allowances supplied by one (/) 3 1/2 oz. serving of cooked MEAT for moderately active children and adults. It is marked on the front and the back: NATIONAL LIVE STOCK AND MEAT BOARD. It is marked on the back: A Product of Graphic Calculator Co., Chicago 5, Ill.
Graphic Calculator Company was a slide rule and slide chart manufacturing and design company founded in Chicago in 1940 by Capron R. Gulbransen, and apparently still in business at the time of Gulbransen’s death in 1969. By 1965, the firm had moved to Barrington, Illinois.
Reference:
Obituaries, Chicago Tribune, August 11, 1969, p. A6.
Location
Currently not on view
date made
ca 1960
maker
Graphic Calculator Company
ID Number
2000.3029.12
nonaccession number
2000.3029
catalog number
2000.3029.12

Dietzgen 3394 PowERaser

This electric drafting tool consists of a 90" power cord, a motor in a 5" cylindrical black plastic casing, and a 1-1/2" aluminum collar in which is inserted a pink rubber eraser. The side of the tool has a label marked: DIETZGEN PowERaser (/) 115 V. • 0.35 AMP (/) AC • DC.
Description
This electric drafting tool consists of a 90" power cord, a motor in a 5" cylindrical black plastic casing, and a 1-1/2" aluminum collar in which is inserted a pink rubber eraser. The side of the tool has a label marked: DIETZGEN PowERaser (/) 115 V. • 0.35 AMP (/) AC • DC. The end of the tool next to the cord is marked: DIETZGEN (/) NO. 3394 (/) ←OFF – 110 – 115V – AC-DC - ON→. A label around the cord about 10" from the plug is marked: Cab [illegible] Inc. (/) Inspected (/) Power (/) Supply Cord (/) P–732 (/) BELDEN (/) MFG. (/) CO. Masking tape is wrapped around the cord about 8" from the handle.
The Eugene Dietzgen Co. introduced model 3394A in 1938 for $6.50, increasing the price to $7.50 in 1943. Originally, the casing was shorter and the outside of the collar holding the eraser was smooth rather than threaded. The instrument was renumbered to model 3394, lightened from 14 to 12 ounces, and redesigned to the form of this object by 1948. Belden Manufacturing Company began making insulated wiring in Chicago in 1902. It manufactured only war materials during World War II, but it returned to supplying private firms such as Dietzgen in 1945.
According to the donor, this electric eraser was used by her husband, the electrical engineer Robert H. Wieler (1923–1993). He served in the U.S. Navy during World War II, attended Hofstra University in the early 1950s, worked for Sperry Gyroscope for 27 years, and then worked for Colt Firearms and Abraham Strauss of New York before retiring in 1985. Presumably he acquired the eraser during his studies or during his career at Sperry.
References: Catalog of Eugene Dietzgen Co., 15th ed. (Chicago, 1938), 352; Eugene Dietzgen Co., Price List No. 25 (Chicago, 1943); Eugene Dietzgen Co., Catalog 22D: Drafting Materials (Chicago, 1948), 106; Belden Inc., "Company History," http://www.belden.com/aboutbelden/company/history/; accession file.
Location
Currently not on view
date made
ca 1950
distributor
Eugene Dietzgen Company
maker
Eugene Dietzgen Company
ID Number
1998.0032.15
catalog number
1998.0032.15
accession number
1998.0032

Pair of Charles Bruning 2711P Chain Scales with Drafting Machine Mounts

Along one edge, both of these beveled white molded plastic rules have scales for 1" to a foot, 1/2" to a foot, and divided to 1/2" and numbered from left to right by twos and by ones.
Description
Along one edge, both of these beveled white molded plastic rules have scales for 1" to a foot, 1/2" to a foot, and divided to 1/2" and numbered from left to right by twos and by ones. The 18-1/2" rule is numbered from 0 to 32 and from 0 to 17, and the 12-1/2" rule is numbered from 0 to 20 and from 1 to 11. The other edge has scales for 1/4" to a foot, 1/8" to a foot, and divided to 1/8" and numbered from left to right by fours and by twos. The larger rule is numbered from 0 to 140 and from 0 to 46, and the smaller rule is numbered from 0 to 92 and from 0 to 46. Both rules are marked: 1 1/2 (/) CHARLES BRUNING CO. (/) 1/8 1/4.
Both ends of both rules have aluminum mounts for attaching to a drafting machines. The mounts are marked: VARD INC. (/) PATENT NO. (/) 2192422. Vard Beecher Wallace (1901–1988) of Sierra Madre, Calif., applied for a patent for these attachments in 1939 and received it the next year. He and a partner, Paul H. Ford, operated Vard Mechanical Laboratory, which supplied drafting machines to aircraft engineers such as Allen Lockheed and Jack Northrop, for whom Wallace had previously worked. The firm was renamed Vard, Inc., by 1945 and was purchased by Royal Industries in 1959. See also 1998.0032.12.
Charles Bruning (1866–1931) was born in Denmark and immigrated to the United States. In Chicago during the 1890s, he became interested in the blue print business. In 1897 he set up his own blue printing company in Manhattan, which was incorporated as the New York Blue Print Paper Company in 1901. Around 1920 he purchased American Blue Print Company of Chicago, and the combined firms became known as the Charles Bruning Company, Inc.
The company began selling these rules in white plastic as model 2711P, style B, in 1952. According to the donor, the instrument was used by her husband, the electrical engineer Robert H. Wieler (1923–1993).
References: Vard B. Wallace, "Drafting Instrument Chuck and Wrench" (U.S. Patent 2,192,422 issued March 5, 1940); Bruce Butler, "Vard Wallace," Glendora Friends Church blog, May 3, 2010, http://glendorafriendschurch.blogspot.com/2010/05/vard-wallace.html; Patrick Conyers and Cedar Phillips, Pasadena 1940–2008, Images of America (Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia Publishing, 2009), 59; "Charles Bruning," New York Times (January 31, 1931), 14; Charles Bruning Company, Inc., General Catalog, 15th ed. (New York, 1952), 176.
Location
Currently not on view
date made
1952–1959
maker
Charles Bruning Company
ID Number
1998.0032.13
catalog number
1998.0032.13
accession number
1998.0032

Map Measure, Dietzgen 1715-4

This measure has the shape of a pocket watch, with a wheel at the bottom which can run along the line to be measured. A long hand rotates counterclockwise to indicate the number of feet represented on the plan, assuming that one quarter of an inch equals one foot.
Description
This measure has the shape of a pocket watch, with a wheel at the bottom which can run along the line to be measured. A long hand rotates counterclockwise to indicate the number of feet represented on the plan, assuming that one quarter of an inch equals one foot. Two smaller dials indicate hundreds and thousands of feet. Pressing down a button at the top of the instrument zeros it. The device fits in a cardboard box.
A mark on the back of the instrument reads: DIETZGEN (/) SWISS. A mark on a tag attached to the top of the cardboard box reads: DIETZGEN (/) 1715-4 (/) ONE ONLY (/) PLAN (/) MEASURE (/) TO REGISTER FEET (/) ON PLANS 1/4" TO THE FT. A mark stamped on one end of the box reads: SWITZERLAND (/) No 1864.
Eugene Dietzgen Company of Chicago sold map measures from at least 1910, and introduced this model in March,1952. How long it sold is not known. This example was used by the electrical engineer Robert H. Wieler (1923-1993), who worked for Sperry Gyroscope, for Colt Firearms, and for Abraham Strauss.
References:
Accession File.
Eugene Dietzgen Company, Price List No. 28, Chicago, March, 1952, p. 18. The map measure sold for $12, or $100.80 per dozen.
Location
Currently not on view
date made
ca 1955
distributor
Eugene Dietzgen Company
maker
Eugene Dietzgen Company
ID Number
1998.0032.05
catalog number
1998.0032.05
accession number
1998.0032

Safe-T 45700 Bullseye Compass

Like 2000.0160.06, this red and white plastic instrument combines a ruler, a protractor, and a compass. Unlike 2000.0160.06, this object is smaller, white instead of clear, and uses a slide instead of rows of holes for setting the radius of a circle.
Description
Like 2000.0160.06, this red and white plastic instrument combines a ruler, a protractor, and a compass. Unlike 2000.0160.06, this object is smaller, white instead of clear, and uses a slide instead of rows of holes for setting the radius of a circle. The semicircular (protractor) end is wider than the rectangular part of the instrument. It is marked in 15-degree increments in both directions, from 15 to 165 degrees, and divided to units of five degrees.
Inside the arc is a small rotating disc. The rectangular ruler has a groove down its center that carries a sliding red plastic piece with two holes in it. This piece can be set anywhere along the scales on the ruler, giving the distance from the center of the small disc. Placing a writing implement in one of the holes and rotating the ruler while keeping the disc fixed gives a circle of the radius set. One of the long edges has a ruler 12 centimeters long, divided to millimeters. The other edge has a five-inch ruler, divided to 16ths of an inch.
The back of the instrument is marked: U.S.Pat. # 5,615,485 (/) Other Pats. Pend. The back of the slide is marked: MADE (/) IN CHINA. The Bullseye Compass was introduced in 2000 and retailed for $1.99 in 2012.
References: Learning Resources online catalog (accessed October 22, 2012); Ho Chan, "Adjustable Compass with Ruler and Protractor" (U.S. Design Patent 411,959 issued July 13, 1999); J. Bruce Stoneberg, "Drawing Tool" (U.S. Patent 6,606,796 issued August 19, 2003); accession file.
Location
Currently not on view
date made
2000
maker
Safe-T Products, Inc.
ID Number
2000.0160.08
accession number
2000.0160
catalog number
2000.0160.08

Safe-T Semicircular School Protractor

This clear plastic semicircular protractor arrived at the Smithsonian in a clear plastic wrapper, which is stored with it.
Description
This clear plastic semicircular protractor arrived at the Smithsonian in a clear plastic wrapper, which is stored with it. Designed for use by schoolchildren, it contains four sets of divisions, three to single degrees and the innermost one to ten degrees.
The outer two divisions are marked by tens for reading left-opening angles, from 0° to 180°. The inner two divisions are marked by tens for reading right-opening angles, from 170° to 0°. A semicircular slot separates the two scales.
The interior of the protractor is open. A scale along the bottom edge of the opening is divided to millimeters and marked by centimeter from 0 to 10. The outer bottom edge of the protractor is divided to sixteenths of an inch and is marked by inches from 1 to 6. The corners are slightly rounded.
The object bears several marks along its diameter edge: PAT. [/] PENDING; SAFE-T TM [/] PRORUCTS [sic] Inc.; Angles Opening Left (>) [/] Use Upper Scale; VIEW-THRU TM [/] SAFE-T PLASTIC TM [/] #45780; Angles Opening Right (<) [/] Use Lower Scale; La Grange, IL [/] 60525-0692.
Reference: SAFE-T Products, Inc., Innovative Safe Drawing and Measuring Instruments, about 1998. According to this catalog, these protractors sold individually for 75 cents. In 2006, the company became a subsidiary of A. Daigger & Company and its name changed to Classroom Products Warehouse.
Location
Currently not on view
date made
1998
maker
Safe-T Products, Inc.
ID Number
1998.0033.02
catalog number
1998.0033.02
accession number
1998.0033

Dietzgen 1298-D Blackboard Protractor

Blackboard dividers that are different from this instrument are advertised as model number 1781 in the Frederick Post Company's 1930 and 1936 catalogs.
Description
Blackboard dividers that are different from this instrument are advertised as model number 1781 in the Frederick Post Company's 1930 and 1936 catalogs. The instrument is not shown in the 1949–1950 catalog.In the 16th and 17th centuries, surveyors and navigators began to use instruments made especially for measuring off angles. These were generally small instruments made of metal and finely divided. In the years following the Civil War, as the number of American high schools grew, so did the number of students studying practical geometry and trigonometry. To teach them, teachers used inexpensive protractors made for use at the blackboard.
This example is made of fiberboard, painted white on the front, and has a wooden handle so that it can be held upright. It is divided along the edge to intervals of 5 degrees. By comparison, most protractors are divided much more finely. The Eugene Dietzgen Co. of Chicago sold blackboard protractors like this one from about 1925.
The instrument was used by Margaret G. Aldrich (1918-2007), who taught at Montgomery College from 1957 to 1984, chairing of the math department on the Takoma Park campus for many years. She had an undergraduate degree in mathematics and an M.A. in psychology, both from the University of Minnesota.
Location
Currently not on view
date made
ca 1950
maker
Eugene Dietzgen Company
ID Number
1999.0117.02
catalog number
1999.0117.02
accession number
1999.0117

Dietzgen 1084S Wallet Case of Drawing Instruments

This black synthetic leather case is lined with purple velvet and fastens with a snap. The top flap is marked: 1084 S. Inside the flap is marked: DIETZGEN (/) "PREP". A brass plate on the inside front of the case has a paper label handmarked: WIELER.
Description
This black synthetic leather case is lined with purple velvet and fastens with a snap. The top flap is marked: 1084 S. Inside the flap is marked: DIETZGEN (/) "PREP". A brass plate on the inside front of the case has a paper label handmarked: WIELER. Below the plate is marked: PAT. APPL. FOR. The back of the case is marked: Germany. The set includes:
1) 5-3/8" steel dividers lacking all attachments.
2) 3" aluminum handle missing its lid.
3) German silver and steel 4-1/8" extension bar and 2-1/8" pen and needle point attachments for dividers.
4) 2-1/4" aluminum and steel screwdriver.
5) 1-3/8" aluminum cylindrical case for leads, with two needle points.
6) 5-1/2" aluminum and steel drawing pen. The German silver adjusting screw is marked: DIETZGEN (/) GERMANY.
7) 3-3/4" German silver and steel bow dividers and bow pen. The bow dividers are marked: CHARVOS, INC. U.S.A. The screw on the bow pen is marked: DIETZGEN (/) GERMANY.
Around 1880, Eugene Dietzgen emigrated from Germany and became a sales distributor for Keuffel & Esser in New York. In 1885, he began to sell mathematical instruments on his own in Chicago. In 1893, his firm started manufacturing instruments under the name Eugene Dietzgen Company. In 1928, the business began importing these particular instruments to sell as the Prep product line for students. Model number 1084S was then priced at $4.70. By 1936, the set cost $5.45. In 1938, the handles on the pen and screwdriver were painted black and no longer were ridged. The patent referenced on the case is not known.
The large dividers and bow dividers clearly were put into the set later to replace original pieces. Charvoz made sets of drawing instruments in West Germany in the second half of the 20th century. According to the donor, this set of drawing instruments was used by her husband, the electrical engineer Robert H. Wieler (1923–1993). He likely acquired the set around 1937 as a school student.
References: Catalog of Eugene Dietzgen Co., 13th ed. (Chicago, 1928), 144; Catalog of Eugene Dietzgen Co., 14th ed. (Chicago, 1931), 156; Catalog of Eugene Dietzgen Co., 15th ed. (Chicago, 1938), 188.
Location
Currently not on view
date made
1928-1937
distributor
Eugene Dietzgen Company
ID Number
1998.0032.01
catalog number
1998.0032.01
accession number
1998.0032

Brennan Adding Machine

This adding machine has a black case, with a green metal plate under the keyboard. It has nine black plastic digit keys arranged in a square with a “0” bar below. The digits are in white, with smaller complementary digits in red.
Description
This adding machine has a black case, with a green metal plate under the keyboard. It has nine black plastic digit keys arranged in a square with a “0” bar below. The digits are in white, with smaller complementary digits in red. There are red SUB (/) TOTAL and TOTAL keys to the left of the digit keys and a smaller red key to the right. Numbers of up to nine digits may be entered. Depressing the total key and the key on the right and bringing the lever forward clears the machine. At the front is a red key marked "E” that serves as a column indicator. Moving this key to the right eliminates digits entered erroneously. The metal operating lever, with wooden handle, is on the right side. Behind the keyboard is a glass window that reveals a row of nine plastic wheels that show the total. Behind these is a narrow carriage with a rubber knobs that carries a paper tape.
The Brennan was invented by Thomas Mehan and manufactured in Chicago in roughly the years from 1929 to1931. This was not a good time to be starting a business in the United States, and the Brennan Adding Machine Company soon folded. The rights to manufacture the machine were acquired by Remington Rand by 1932, and it soon began to manufacture a similar machine as its "grocer's special."
The machine is marked on the right and left side, with a stencil of an airplane: THE (/) BRENNAN. It is stamped on the bottom with serial number 4305.
The prior owner of the machine did not know where it was used.
References:
This machine resembles that shown in an advertisement in Typewriter Topics, vol. 74, March, 1930. p. 61. It has more function keys than shown in 1929 advertisements.
E. Martin, Die Rechenmaschinen und ihre Entwicklungsgeschichte, (1925 edition with later supplement), p. 457.
Location
Currently not on view
date made
ca 1930
maker
Brennan Adding Machine Company
ID Number
1999.0297.01
accession number
1999.0297
catalog number
1999.0297.01

Safe-T 45779 Blackboard Protractor

This oversized white plastic semicircular protractor may be used at a chalkboard or whiteboard. A smaller semicircle is cut out of the protractor's interior. Three curved grooves form a third semicircle between these two semicircles.
Description
This oversized white plastic semicircular protractor may be used at a chalkboard or whiteboard. A smaller semicircle is cut out of the protractor's interior. Three curved grooves form a third semicircle between these two semicircles. The protractor is divided by single degrees and in three rows of divisions. It is marked by tens from 0° to 180° (left to right) and from 180° to 0° (right to left).
An oversized ruler, or scale of equal parts, divided to mm and marked by single cm from 1 to 10, is on the diameter of the innermost semicircle. A notch for the origin point of the protractor is at the center of this edge. Another scale of equal parts, divided by 16ths of an inch and marked by ones from 1 to 6, is along the outer lower edge.
The protractor is marked: Angles Opening Left (>) Use Upper Scale; Angles Opening Right (<) Use Lower Scale (/) SAFE-T PROTRACTOR® #45779. A recycling logo for plastic type 6 appears in the lower right corner. The protractor retailed for approximately $13 in 2011.
See also ID numbers 1998.0033.02 and 1999.0117.02.
Location
Currently not on view
date made
ca 2000
Associated Date
2000
Associated Name
Extra Measures, Inc.
maker
Safe-T Products, Inc.
ID Number
2000.0160.03
accession number
2000.0160
catalog number
2000.0160.03

Remington Adding and Subtracting Typewriter

This is a combination adding machine and typewriter. The upstrike typewriter has a QWERTY keyboard with two shift keys, a shift lock key, a tab stop set key, a back spacer key, and a space bar. Behind each of the number keys is a bar which leads up to the adding attachment.
Description
This is a combination adding machine and typewriter. The upstrike typewriter has a QWERTY keyboard with two shift keys, a shift lock key, a tab stop set key, a back spacer key, and a space bar. Behind each of the number keys is a bar which leads up to the adding attachment. Keys in a row across the bottom front set the place of the first digit in a number. The typewriter has two carriages. The front one carries a single register that indicates seven-digit totals. The carriage in back has tab-setting devices. Behind this is the ribbon, the rubber platen, and the paper tray. The machine has four rubber feet and two rubber handles for the platen.
A mark on the paper tray reads: Remington (/)Adding and Subtracting (/) Typewriter. A mark at the bottom front reads: Remington Standard Typewriter No. 11. Marks on the adding mechanism below the front carriage and on the moveable register read: WAHL ADDING MACHINE Co. (/) CHICAGO. The adding mechanism is also marked: PATENTED IN (/) UNITED STATES AND (/) FOREIGN COUNTRIES. (/) DATES & NUMBERS ON (/) BACK COVER. OTHER (/) PATENTS PENDING. (/) DISCOUNT. Marks on the back of the adding attachment give American, French and British patents.
Location
Currently not on view
date made
ca 1913
maker
Remington Typewriter Company
Wahl Adding Machine Company
ID Number
2000.0106.01
accession number
2000.0106
catalog number
2000.0106.01

Safe-T Open Triangles, Group of 2

These two translucent orange plastic triangles have rounded corners, triangle cutouts in their interiors, and slots for drawing lines parallel to each edge.
Description
These two translucent orange plastic triangles have rounded corners, triangle cutouts in their interiors, and slots for drawing lines parallel to each edge. They are both marked: SAFE-T TRIANGLETM (/) PO BOX 692 LaGrange, IL 60525 (/) Shatter Resistant SAFE-T PLASTICTM VIEW-THRUTM. The 4-7/8" 30°-60°-90° triangle is also marked: 42053. On the long leg, it has a scale of inches, divided to 1/16" for two inches and to 1/10" for two inches and numbered by ones from 1 to 4. The short leg has a centimeter scale divided to millimeters and numbered by ones from 0 to 6.
The 3-1/2" 45°-45°-90° triangle is also marked: 42054. One leg has a scale of inches, divided to 1/16" and numbered by ones from 1 to 3. The other leg has a centimeter scale divided to millimeters and numbered by ones from 0 to 8. The triangles were made in 1997 or earlier. In a company catalog (1998.0033.04), these models were renumbered to 42063 and 42064, respectively, and priced at 55¢ each. The pair could be purchased as a set for $1.35. The slots on the examples in the catalog were relocated to the corners of the triangles, so that they were easier to use for drawing templates of angles and triangles. Also, the model numbers were removed from the triangles. The form depicted in the 1998 catalog was still marketed in 2013.
Safe-T Products, Inc., of La Grange, Ill., was established in 1992 and specialized in drawing instruments that were safe for children. In 2006, the company became a subsidiary of A. Daigger & Company and its name changed to Classroom Products Warehouse.
References: SAFE-T Products, Inc., Innovative Safe Drawing and Measuring Instruments, about 1998; "About Us," Classroom Products Warehouse, http://www.classroomprdcts.com/.
Location
Currently not on view
date made
before 1998
maker
Safe-T Products, Inc.
ID Number
1998.0033.01
catalog number
1998.0033.01
accession number
1998.0033

Safe-T Pro>Ruler Combination Protractor, Triangle, and Ruler, Group of 2

These clear plastic objects are two different sizes of the same instrument. Each instrument consists of two rectangular pieces with half-discs at one end. The pieces are held together at their curved ends with a metal thumbscrew, so the instrument resembles a sector.
Description
These clear plastic objects are two different sizes of the same instrument. Each instrument consists of two rectangular pieces with half-discs at one end. The pieces are held together at their curved ends with a metal thumbscrew, so the instrument resembles a sector. The top half-disc has a magnifier for reading from the scale of degrees, numbered by tens from 180 to zero, around the edge of the bottom half-disc. Besides measuring angles, the protractor may be used to open the rectangular pieces to a desired angle. Then, an angle or triangle may be drawn along the inside edges, which are marked with a centimeter scale divided to millimeters.
The outer edge is also marked with a centimeter scale that may be used by fully opening the instrument. The larger instrument has an overall width of 60cm, and the smaller instrument is 30cm across. The device can draw and measure lines and measure three-dimensional angles.
The larger instrument is marked: PRO > RULERTM #43052 (/) SAFE-T PRODUCTSTM, Inc. (/) LaGrange, IL 60525-0692. One of the flat ends is stamped with the number 2, and the other flat end is stamped with the number 3. The smaller instrument is marked: PRO > RULERTM by SAFE-TTM (/) #43051 (/) View-ThruTM SAFE-T PLASTICTM (/) LaGrange, IL 60592-0692. Both of the flat ends are stamped with the number 2.
The larger instrument is in a plastic envelope with instructions on the back. The back is marked: Made in Taiwan. It is also marked: PATENTED U.S., R.O.C., AUSTRALIA, GERMANY AND P.R.C. The smaller instrument is in a plastic envelope with a paper sheet of instructions. This sheet is marked: Made in Taiwan. It is also marked: PATENTED R.O.C., AUSTRALIA, GERMANY AND P.R.C. U.S. AND CANADIAN PATENTS PENDING. Thus, the smaller instrument is probably slightly older than the larger one. The patents were not identified, but the donor reported that the inventor was from Taiwan.
Extra Measures, Inc., distributed this instrument in the United States. In 2000, model number 43051 sold for $3.50, while the "jumbo" sized model number 43052 sold for $18.95. For company history, see 2000.0160.04.
Reference: accession file.
Location
Currently not on view
date made
ca 2000
associated date
2000
distributor
Extra Measures, Inc.
maker
Safe-T Products, Inc.
ID Number
2000.0160.12
accession number
2000.0160
catalog number
2000.0160.12

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