BACKGROUND MATERIAL for the Lighting The Way Web site comes from a variety of sources including those listed below. The listed materials are already in the research files of the Electricity Collections, National Museum of American History.

The Museum would like to enhance the scope of this reference material, especially through the addition of memos, correspondence, and other primary source information. If you know of a person or materials especially important to the history of lighting technology over the past 30 years, and don't see them listed, be sure to send an e-mail with the information to this site. Use your browser's "Find in Frame" feature to quickly search the data.

Books:

Wiebe E. Bijker, Of Bicycles, Bakelites, and Bulbs: Toward a Theory of Sociotechnical Change (Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1995). This book contains a chapter entitled "The Social Construction of Fluorescent Lighting," which discusses the issues surrounding the introduction of fluorescent tubes in the 1930s.

Brian Bowers, Lengthening the Day (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998). An overview of the history of lighting from a senior curator at the Science Museum of London. Especially useful in tracing European developments.

Arthur A. Bright, Jr., The Electric-Lamp Industry: Technological Change and Economic Development from 1800 to 1947 (New York: MacMillan Co., 1949; reprinted by ARNO, 1972). THE book on electric lighting history up to the mid-twentieth century.

M.A. Cayless and A.M. Marsden, eds., Lamps and Lighting, 3rd ed. (London: Arnold, 1983). A technical overview of light sources written at a time when the energy issues of the 1970s were still fresh in most minds.

Robert Friedel and Paul Israel with Bernard S. Finn, Edison's Electric Light: Biography of an Invention (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers Univ. Press, 1986). A very detailed work about Thomas Edison's lighting experiments in the late 1870s and early 1880s.

Richard F. Hirsch, Technology and Transformation in the American Electric Utility Industry (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1989). A study of the electric power industry, which includes a look at the effects on the industry wrought by the Oil Embargo and Energy Crisis.

Illuminating Engineering Society, IES Lighting Handbook (various editions, publishers, years.) 1949, '52, '59, '66, '72, '81 (2 v.), '84 (2 v.), '93, '99. The standard technical resource for lighting professionals. Comparing light-level recommendations from edition to edition is an interesting way to track changes in industry practices.

Robert Jones and Oliver Marriott, Anatomy of a Merger: A History of G.E.C., A.E.I., and English Electric (London: Jonathan Cape Ltd., 1970). A study of the growth and development of the major British electric manufacturers, including interactions among various global lighting manufacturers.

Raymond Kane and Heinz Sell, eds., Revolution in Lamps: A Chronicle of 50 Years of Progress (New York: Upword Publishing Co., 1997). A technical overview and chronology of electric lighting developments since 1950.

Matthew Luckiesh and Frank K. Moss, The Science of Seeing (New York: Van Nostrand, 1937). The work of Luckiesh and his colleagues at GE had profound effects on concepts of lighting efficiency and effectiveness in an era of cheap energy.

Ronald C. Tobey, Technology As Freedom : the New Deal and the Electrical Modernization of the American Home (Berkeley : University of California Press, 1996). Discusses many aspects of residential electrification (including light) around the era of the Great Depression.

John Waymouth, Electric Discharge Lamps (Cambridge, MA.: The MIT Press, 1971). A detailed technical examination of fluorescent and HID lamps written just prior to the Oil Embargo.

 

Journal Articles:

Applied Optics

  • 1 Aug. 1982, V.21, #15, p.2755: L.A. Whitehead, R.A. Nodwell, and F.L. Curzon, "New Efficient Light Guide for Interior Illumination."

CEE News

  • Apr. 1995, V.47, #4, p.8: Stuart M. Lewis, "The energy-efficient lighting evolution."

The Economist

  • 22 Oct 1994, p.84: Column, Economic Focus, "The price of light."

Electrical Construction & Maintenance

  • Apr. 1995, p.7: Joseph R. Knisley, "The growing importance of lighting controls;"
  • -- p.48: "Using Lighting Software Programs."

Electrical Contractor

    Apr. 1995, p.11: Jack Lindsey, "Green Lights + EPACT = Increased Business Opportunities."

The Electrical Engineer

  • Nov. 1936, V.55, #11, p.1174: L.J. Buttolph, "High-Efficiency Gaseous-Conduction Lamps."
  • Nov. 1941, V.60, #11, p.539: R.F. Hay[e]s, "High Frequency Adapts Fluorescent Lamps to Aircraft."
  • Jul. 1954, V.73, #7, p.632: E.A. Linsday, "Let's Reduce the Cost of Lighting."

Electrical Merchandising

  • Jan. 1918, V.19, #1, p.43: Note, "Sundays and Tuesdays Set Aside as 'Lightless Nights'."

EPRI Journal

  • Apr. 1976, p.6: James W. Boyd, "Forecasting Energy Use: The Residential Sector."
  • Dec. 1977, p.39: "Energy Utilization and Conservation Technology."
  • May 1980, p. 30: Column Washington Report, "Conservation: DOE's High-Priority Program."
  • Nov. 1980, p. 29: Column Washington Report, "DOE Fosters Energy-Efficient Products."
  • Jun. 1984, p.2: Editorial, Thomas R. Schneider, "Lighting the Future;" article, Nadine Lihach, "Evolution in Lighting."
  • Jun. 1985, p.37: Note, "Lighting Research Undertaken With NYERDA."
  • Nov. 1985, p.63: Note, "Commercial-Sector Demand-Side Management Activities."
  • Dec. 1985, p.66: Note, "Review of Residential Energy-Efficient Technologies."
  • Dec. 1989, p. 1: Editorial, Morton H. Blatt, "Lighting For Efficiency and Productivity."
  • Dec. 1989, p.4: Leslie Lamarre, "Lighting The Commercial World."
  • A/M 1990, p.5: Leslie Lamarre, "New Push for Energy Efficiency."
  • Dec. 1990, p.43: Larry Lewis, "Residential Energy Usage Comparison."
  • Mar. 1993, p.22: Leslie Lamarre, "Shedding Light on the Compact Fluorescent."
  • Sep. 1993, p.4: Notes, "Ceramic Filaments for Higher Lamp Efficiency,"

Electrical Review (NY)

  • 7 Sep. 1918, V.73, #10, p.371: Staff, "Inefficient Electric Lamps to be Eliminated."
  • 14 Sep. 1918, V.73, #11, p.410: Editorial, "Carrying Lighting Curtailment to Absurdity."

Energy User News

  • May 1995, p.1: Kessel L. Nelson, "Cash Incentives Fuel Trade Center Lighting Retrofit."
  • May 1995, p.40: John L. Fetters, "New Fixtures Offer Integrated Control Technology."

GE Review

  • Jan. 1932, V.35, #1, p.78: Report, "Lighting." (Includes Windowless building reference)
  • Nov. 1940, V.43, #11, p.433: A.F. Dickerson, "Let There Be Light - And More Of It."
  • Jul. 1952, V.55, #7, p.36: Phelps Meaker, "The Unit Cost of Light."
  • Nov. 1956, V.59, #11, p.47: W.S. Fisher, "New Ideas in Lighting Increase Office Efficiency."

Energy Auditor & Retrofitter

  • O/N 1984, p.4: LRM, "The New Breed of Fluorescent Lights;"
  • -- p.10: "Energy Button Fraud!"
  • M/A 1986, p.21: Note, "Europe Has Problems with Efficient Lights, Too."
  • M/A 1987, p.11: Victoria Eisen and Kelley Griffin, "Fluorescents at Home: A Cheap, Well-Lighted Place."
  • M/J 1987, p.23: Note: "Light Bulb Exchange."
  • N/D 1987, p.21: Note, "Field-Testing Fluorescents."

Change of name to: Home Energy News

  • J/F 1989, p.5: Note, Peter Weiss, "A Marathon Retrofit;"
  • -- p.16: "Lighting the Way Towards More Efficient Lighting."
  • M/A 1989, p.32: Note, "Fostering Fluorescents."
  • M/J 1989, p.7: Notes, "Retrograde Retrofits," and "Energy-Efficient 'Necklace' for Bay."
  • S/A 1990, p.42: Jackie Olson, "Energy-Efficient Program Surpasses Demand Management Goals."
  • N/D 1990, p.6: Column Trends in Energy, "Mixed Results from Traer's Light Bulb Retrofit;"
  • -- p.12: Larry Hasterok, "Multifamily Lighting: Come on in, the Savings are Fine!"
  • N/D 1991, p.22: Bruce Manclark, "Of Sockets, Housecalls, and Hardware;"
  • -- p.28: Peter du Pont, "Europe's 'Bright Light' Conference."
  • M/A 1992, p.3: Letter, Rachael Hochstedler to Editor, "Environmental Cost of Lighting Savings;"
  • -- p.11: Karina Lutz, "Better Visual Perception for Less Lumens;"
  • -- p.27: Stephen Cowell, Steve Gag, Jackie Kelly, "Energy Fitness: Canvassing Urban Neighborhoods."
  • M/J 1992, p.?: Jessie Audette, " 'Energy Button' Returns."
  • S/O 1992, p.8: Barbara Atkinson, "The Electronic Light Bulb - Good News?"
  • N/D 1992, p.5: Chris Ganda, "Energy Fitness Inside View;"
  • -- p.9: Ted Rieger, "Coming: Corner Compact Light Stores;"
  • -- p.13: Joann Henson: "Conversions + Conversations = Conservation."
  • N/D 1993, p.11: Louis Rasky, "Consumers and Compact Fluorescents."
  • J/F 1994, p.5: Barbara Atkinson, "Downsizing the CFL."
  • N/D 1994, p.20: Kathryn M. Conway, "Lighting Makeovers: The Best is not Always the Brightest;"
  • -- p.36: Bruce Manclark, "How to Keep 'Em Down Home in the Socket;"
  • -- p.41: Emily Polsby, "Putting Energy-Efficient Lighting in Its Place;"
  • -- p.45: Barbara Atkinson, "Whatever Happened to the E-Lamp?;"
  • -- p.47: Michael Siminovitch and Evan Mills, "Fixing the Fixtures;"
  • -- p.53: Jeanne Byrne, "Energy-Efficient Lighting for the Home."
  • J/A 1995, p.7: F.L Andrew Padian, "The Demise of NYSEO."
  • S/O 1995, p.3: Letter from David Goldstein, "Closet Reasons to Install CFLs;"
  • -- p.41: Larry Hasterok, "Bright Prospects for Lighting Retrofits."
  • M/A 1996, p.45: Note, "Northwest Utilities Subsidize CFLs."
  • J/A 1996, p.42: Michael Lamb, "'Off' Is a Three-Letter Word."

Illuminating Engineering

  • May 1941, V.36, p.570: R. F. Hays, "Characteristics of Low Voltage Fluorescent Lamps at High Frequencies."
  • Feb. 1948, V.43, #2, p.125: John H. Campbell, "High Frequency Operation of Fluorescent Lamps."
  • Oct. 1956, V.51, #10, p.684: Willi Lehmann, "The Efficiency of Electroluminescence."
  • Dec. 1959, V.54, #12, p.734: E.G. Zubler and F.A. Mosby, "An Iodine Incandescent Lamp with Virtually 100 Per Cent Lumen Maintenance."
  • Dec. 1959, V.54, #12, p.741: Carl J. Allen and Ronald L. Paugh, "Applications of the Quartz Lighting Lamp."
  • Apr. 1963, V.58, #4, p.312: E.E. Von Zastrow, "Fluorescent Lamp Dimming with Semiconductors."
  • Jun. 1963, V.58, #6, p.434: D.A. Larson, H.D. Fraser, W.V. Cushing, and M.C. Unglert, "Higher Efficiency Light Source Through Use of Additives to Mercury Discharge."
  • Sep. 1963, V.58, #9, p.603: Abstract, J.L. Winpisinger, J.B. Tabor, "A 35-kva Semiconductor High-Frequency Fluorescent Lighting Power Supply."
  • Jan. 1964, V.59, #1, p.34: E.C. Martt, L.J. Smialek, and A.C. Green, "Iodides in Mercury Arcs - for Improved Color and Efficacy."
  • Feb. 1965, V.60, #2, p.85: J.F. Waymouth, W.C. Gungle, J.M. Harris, and F. Koury, "A New Metal Halide Arc Lamp."
  • Dec. 1965, V.60, #12, p.696: W.C. Louden and K. Schmidt, "High-Pressure Sodium Discharge Arc Lamps."
  • Feb. 1969, V.64, p.94: W. Elenbaas, H.J.J. van Boort, and R. Spiessens, "Improvements in Low-Pressure Sodium Vapour Lamps."
  • Mar. 1969, V.64, #3, p.162: R.E. Hanneman, W.C. Louden, and C.I. McVey, "Thermodynamic and Experimental Studies of the High-Pressure Sodium Lamp."
  • Apr. 1969, V.64, #4, p.236: John M. Anderson, "Electrodeless Fluorescent Lamps Excited by Solenoidal Electric Fields."
  • Dec. 1969, V.64, #12, p.713: John H. Campbell, "Initial Characteristics of High-Intensity Discharge Lamps on High-Frequency Power."

IEEE Spectrum

  • Jan. 1977, V.14, #1, p.61: Gadi Kaplan, "Electronics Takes Control in Manufacturing."

Journal of the Electrochemical Society

  • Dec. 1964, V. 111, #12, p. 1363: A. Bril, W. L. Wanmaker, "Fluorescent Properties of Some Europium-Activated Phosphors."
  • Jan. 1965, V. 112, #1, p. 111: A. Bril, W.L. Wanmaker, C.D.J.C. de Laat, "Fluorescent
  • Properties of Red-Emitting Europium-Activated Phosphors with Cathode Ray Excitation."
  • Dec. 1974, V.121, #12, p.1623: J.M.P.J. Verstegen, "A Survey of a Group of Phosphors, Based on Hexagonal Aluminate and Gallate Host Lattices;"
  • -- p.1627: J.M.P.J. Verstegen, D. Radielovic, Louis E. Vrenkin, "A New Generation of 'Deluxe' Fluorescent Lamps, Combining an Efficacy of 80 Lumens/W or More with a Color Rendering Index of Approximately 85," (with June 1975, V.122, #6, p.842: discussion with William Thornton.)

Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society

  • Jan. 1972, V.1, #2, p.119: W.B. DeLaney and D.A. MacLennan," A Financial Decision Technique for Choosing Between Alternative Lighting Systems."
  • Oct. 1972, V.2, #1, p.3: John H. Campbell, "Anatomy and Electrical Characteristics of a New Fluorescent Lamp;"
  • -- p.29: H.H. Haft, W.A. Thornton, "High Performance Fluorescent Lamps."
  • Oct. 1973, V.3, #1, p.65: William J. Roche, "Theory, Design, and Application of Single-Socket Single-Electrode Fluorescent Lamps."
  • Jan. 1975, V.4, #2, p.90: J.M.P.J. Verstegen, D. Radielovic, L.E. Vrenken, "A New Generation Deluxe Fluorescent Lamp - Combining an Efficacy Greater than 80 lu/W with a Color Rendering Index of About 85."
  • Oct. 1976, V.6, #1, p.29: Jan Hasker, "A New Concept for Fluorescent Lamps."
  • Jan. 1978, V.7, #2, p.85: W.A. Thornton, E. Chen: "What is Visual Clarity?;"
  • -- p.105: D.M. Finch, "Atmospheric Light Pollution.".
  • Apr. 1978, V.7, #3, p.154: L.E. Vrenken, "Real Energy Saving Fluorescent Lamps."
  • Apr. 1979, V.8, #3, p.179: Sheppard Cohen, Tadius T. Sadoski, "Impedance Modified Fluorescent Lamp."
  • Jul. 1979, V.8, #4, p.202: Ranbir S. Bhalla, Daniel A. Larson, Melvin C. Unglert, "HPS Lamp with Improved Color Rendering."
  • Apr. 1980, V.9, #3, p.130: J.C. Engel, R.T. Elms, R.E. Hanson, "A New Energy Efficient
  • Fluorescent Lamp Ballast;" p.134: Jan Hasker, P.R. van Ijzendoorn, "Three Different Recombination Structures: Application and Effects in Low Pressure Gas Discharge Lamps;"
  • -- p.181: E.E. Hammer, D.H. Riesland, Q.D. Dobras, "Improved 35-W Low Energy Lamp-Ballast System."
  • Jul. 1980, V.9, #4, p.197: Jack Brett, Raymond P. Fontana, Peter J. Walsh, Steven A. Spura, L.J. Parascandola, Wolfgang E. Thouret, Luke Thorington, "Radiation-Conserving Incandescent Lamps."
  • Jan. 1981, V.10, #2, p.81: J.C. Engel, R.T. Helms, R.E. Hanson, "An Energy Efficient Solid-State Controlled Ballast for HPS lamps."
  • Jan. 1982, V.11, #2, p.66: W.H. Lake, J.M. Davenport, "Low Wattage Metal Halide Lamps;"
  • -- p.79: Elliot F. Wyner, W. Calvin Gungle, Alexander Zack, Sheppard Cohen, "Incandescent Socket Adapter for Low Wattage Mercury and Sodium Lamps."
  • Jul. 1982, V.11, #4, p.200: George V. Preston III, "A T-10 Energy Saving Rapid Start Fluorescent Lamp;"
  • -- p.204: A. Bouwknegt, "Compact Fluorescent Lamps;"
  • -- p.216: Yoshio Watanabe, Mikiya Yamane, Shinkichi Tanimizu, "Single-ended Compact Fluorescent Lamp with Multi-arc Caused by Anode Oscillations;"
  • -- p.231: Katsuya Otani, Kazuo Kawahara, Keiji Watanabe, Michihiro Tsuchihashi "A High Pressure Sodium Lamp with Improved Color Rendition."
  • Oct. 1983, V.13, #1, p.26: Dale E. Hitchcock, "High Frequency Characteristics of 32 Watt T8 Lamps."
  • Oct. 1984, V.14, #1, p.151: H. Kostlin, "Efficiency Increase of Light Sources by Infrared Reflecting Filters;"
  • -- p.165: L.E. Hoegler, Terry K. McGowan, "Practical High Efficiency Tungsten-Halogen Lamps Using IR Reflecting Films;"
  • -- p.188: J.J. de Groot, A.G. Jack, H. Coenen, "High Frequency Operation of Low [Pressure] Sodium Lamps;"
  • -- p.225: Nanjou Aoike, Kouhei Yuhara, Yorikiyo Nobuhara, "Electronic Ballast for Fluorescent Lamp Lighting System of 100 Lm/W Overall Efficiency;"
  • -- p.283: Kenji Yoshizawa, "New Light Source Using Microwave Discharge;"
  • -- p.298: S. Murayama, H. Matsuno, Y. Watanabe, T. Ono, K. Hosoya, T. Hirota, "Compact Lamp with Two Interior Fluorescent Tubes."
  • Fall 1985, V.15, #1, p.85: C.M. Herheij, "New Steps in Development of Compact Single-ended Fluorescent Lamps."
  • Win. 1988, V.17, #1, p.3: T.E. Anderson, N.W. Miller, A.J. Henderson, "Effects of Incandescent Lamps with Series Diodes on Power Distribution Systems."
  • Sum. 1988, V.17, #2, p.29: J.H. Ingold, D.M. Rutan, "Around the Bend in the Biaxial Fluorescent Lamp;"
  • -- p.70: H. Nishimura, H. Nagase, K. Uchihashi, T. Shiomi, M. Fukuhara, "A New Electronic Ballast for HID Lamps."
  • Win. 1989, V.18, #1, p.95: E.E. Hammer, "High Lumen Fixture Applications Using Biaxial Fluorescent Lamps."
  • Win. 1991, V.20, #1, p.44: M. Shinomiya, K. Kobayashi, M. Higashikawa, S. Ukegawa, J.
  • Matsuura, and K. Tanigawa, "Development of the Electrodeless Fluorescent Lamp;"
  • -- p.134: S. Carleton, R.A.J. Keijser, J.T.C. van Kemenade, "White HPS Lamps with a Color Temperature of 2700 K."
  • Win. 1992, V.21, #1, p.60: D. Rutan, L. Nerone, D. Kachmarik, "Practical Application of Pulsed High Pressure Sodium Lamp Technology."
  • Sum. 1992, V.21, #2, p.42: G.D. Garbowicz, "An Improved Hybrid Fluorescent Lamp Ballast."
  • Win. 1993, V.22, #1, p.91: J. Ravi, G. Luijks, G. Van Bockstal, "Characteristics of Unsaturated HPS Lamps Operated on Mercury Ballasts;"
  • -- p.97: W.J. Roche, "High-Temperature Behavior of Compact Fluorescent Lamps."
  • Sum. 1993, V.22, #2, p.40: A.W. Serres, W. Taelman, "A Method to Improve the Performance of Compact Fluorescent Lamps;"
  • -- p.77: R. Clear, Samuel Berman, "Economics and Lighting Level Recommendations;"
  • -- p.183: E.E. Hammer, L. Nerone, "Performance Characteristics of an Integrally Ballasted 20-W Fluorescent Quad Lamp."
  • Sum. 1994, V.23, #2, p.19: R.G. Gibson, "Dimming of Metal Halide Lamps;"
  • -- p.26: A.W. Serres, "Reducing the Length of an Integrated Compact Fluorescent Lamp;"
  • -- p.116: R. Ramaiah, "Energy-Saving High Pressure Sodium Lamp."

Journal of the Optical Society of America

  • Mar. 1939, V.29, p.124: L.J. Buttolph, "High Efficiency Mercury and Sodium Vapor Lamps."
  • Mar. 1939, V.29, p.131: Richard N. Thayer and Bentley T. Barnes, "The Basis for High Efficiency in Fluorescent Lamps."
  • May 1953, V.43, #5, p.398: C.H Corliss, W.R. Bozman, and F.O. Westfall, "Electrodeless Metal-Halide Lamps."
  • Apr. 1964, V.54, #4, p.532: Gilbert H. Reiling, "Characteristics of Mercury Vapor - Metallic Iodide Arc Lamps."

Lighting Design & Application

  • Aug. 1972, p.?: Note: "IES Recommendations for the Better Utilization of Energy Expended for Lighting."
  • Dec. 1972, p.18: Briefs, T. Madonia, "Fluorescents: emphasis on improved color quality;"
  • -- p.? Blake, "HID's: expanded utilization continues;"
  • -- p.? A.L. Hart, "Incandescents: new role, growth in tungsten halogen;"
  • -- p.? W.J. Decker, "Solid-state lamps: the LED."
  • Oct. 1973, p.5: Robert T. Dorsey, "IES commitment to energy efficiency."
  • Jul. 1974, p.10: George S. Evans, "Fluorescent lamps, krypton, and the conservation of energy;"
  • p.15: L.B. Beijer, H.J.J. van Boort, and M. Koedam, "The sodium discharge lamp."
  • Jan. 1975, p.6: H.G. Williams, "Office Lighting and Energy."
  • Apr. 1975, p.30: B.R. Collins, W.E. Smyser, and J.T. Suter, "Low-wattage, low-voltage HPS lamp design and application."
  • Jun. 1975, p.?: Abstract, E.A. Dale, F.T. Ullrich, and J.C. Morris, "Conversion of incandescent lamp sockets to fluorescent in the home market."
  • Sep. 1975, p.2: Bernhard Kühl and Alexander Dobrusskin, "The family of metal halide lamps."
  • Oct. 1975, #10, p.33: William H. Lake, "New mercury lamp systems for direct incandescent lamp replacement." [See also: Wyner, et al. JIES, 1/1982]
  • Mar. 1976, p.31: Sheppard Cohen, "New arc discharge lamps and ballasts - compatibilities and incompatibilities."
  • Apr. 1976, p.48: Chuck Beardsley, "And now, the Hollister lamp."
  • Oct. 1976, p.48: Note, "Philips introduces experimental fluorescent lamp." [Hasker lamp]
  • Mar. 1977, p.15: Interview, "Norelco looks to the future."
  • May 1977, p.34: Interview, "An interview at Duro-Test."
  • Jun. 1977, p.29: Interview, "An interview at Lamp Commercial Division of Westinghouse."
  • Dec. 1977, p.28: Interview, "Lightolier looks at lighting."
  • Apr. 1979, p.23: Rudolph Verderber, Steven Selkowitz, and Samuel Berman, "Energy efficiency and performance of solid-state ballasts."
  • Aug. 1979, p.63: Note, "GE to introduce metal-halide lamp for residential use."
  • Dec. 1979, p.31: Leo Gross and S.M. Skeist, "Feasibility Claimed for Handy Fluorescent."
  • Jan. 1980, p.36: James Earl Jewell, Stephen Selkowitz, and Rudy Verderber, "Solid-state ballasts prove to be energy savers."
  • Mar. 1980, p.18: S.M. Faber, "Sky Glow at Lick Observatory."
  • May 1980, p.38: R.G. Young and E.W. Morton, "A compact partition fluorescent lamp."
  • Jul. 1980, p.30: Brooke Stauffer, "Low-wattage fluorescent lamps: a low first cost approach to energy conservation."
  • Sep. 1980, p.40: E.E. Hammer, "Improved performance of low energy fluorescent lamp-ballast systems."
  • Jan. 1981, p.24: Articles, "The State of the Profession ...," L.J. Maloney, "As an engineer sees it," Saul Goldin, "As a designer sees it."
  • May 1981, p.28: D ?, "State-of-the art advanced lighting controls."
  • Jun. 1982, p.22: Gordon W. Pearlman, "The emergence and future of intelligent dimmers."
  • Oct. 1982, p.30: Citation for Lorne A. Whitehead, "Illumination of a hazardous area with piped light."
  • Feb. 1985, p.46: Stanley H. Pansky, "Lighting standards;" p.49: M. Clay Belcher, "Cultural aspects of illuminance levels."
  • Nov. 1985, p.48: W.M. Keeffe and Z.K. Krasko, "A New Low Wattage Metal Halide Lamp."
  • Sep. 1986, p.38: Michael J. Leite, "California Leads the Nation With Efficient Lighting Programs."
  • Jan. 1987, p.36: William F. Albern, "Replace Incandescents with Fluorescents."
  • Jun. 1993, p.29: Gerry Zekowski, "Reps, Manufacturers, and Specifiers: Working Together for Success."
  • Jan. 1995, p.8: John Briggs, Column "Energy Policies in Action;" p.12: Note, Russ Liddle, "Are Cool-White and Warm-White Phosphor Colors Extinct?"
  • Mar. 1995, p.28: Michael Siminovitch and Evan Mills, "Dedicated CFL Fixtures for Residential Lighting."
  • May 1996, p.27: Photo, "Funeral to bury inefficient lighting products."

Lighting Futures

  • M/J 1995, V.1,#1: "Electrodeless Lamps: The Next Generation,"
  • V.1,#4: Maarten Mulder, "To Capture the Sun & Sky: Core Daylighting"
  • Jan. 1997, V.2,#2: Robert Wolsey, "Interoperable Systems: The Future of Lighting Controls"

Lighting Research and Technology

  • 1971, V. 3, #2, p. 147: W.L. Wanmaker, J.W. Ter Vrugt, "New Phosphors for Lamps."
  • 1975, V. 7, #1, p. 23: J.W. Ter Vrugt, L.W.J. Manders, W.L. Wanmaker, "Fluorescent lamp coatings with layers of different compositions."
  • 1975, V. 7, #2, p. 133: P.R. Samuels, "Semiconductor ballast circuits for discharge lamps."
  • 1975, V. 7, #4, p.226: A. Isaacs, "The impact of electronics on lighting."
  • 1976, V. 8, #4, p. 211: L.E. Vrenken, "New fluorescent lamps for interior lighting."
  • 1977, V. 9, #1, p. 1: J.B. Collins, "The illuminating engineer in a changing world."
  • 1977, V. 9, #2, p.65: H.A.G.S. Smulders, "Electronics in lamp circuits."
  • 1978, V. 10, #3, p. 167: J. Bezemer, J.R. de Bie, R.L.A. van der Heijden, "Halogen incandescent lamp incorporating a coiled tungsten ribbon."

Philips Technical Review [1936-89]

  • Feb/Mar. 1962, V.23, #8/9, p.237: J.W. van Tijen, "Iodine Incandescent Lamps: I. Principle;"
  • -- p. 242: J.J. Balder, "Iodine Incandescent Lamps: II. Possible Applications;"
  • -- p.272: J.J. Wilting, "DC/AC Converters Using Silicon Controlled Rectifiers for Fluorescent Lighting."
  • Nov. 1963, V.25, #5, p.114: H.J.J. van Boort, "A Tubular Fluorescent Lamp with Increased Luminous Efficiency."
  • Jan. 1966, V.27, #1, p.22: A. Bril, W.L. Wanmaker, "New Phosphors for Colour Television."
  • Jul. 1966, V. 27, #7, p.173: G.R. T'jampens, M.H.A. van de Weijer, "Gas-Filled Incandescent Lamps Containing Bromine and Chlorine."
  • Sep. 1966, V.27, #9/10, p.265: J.C. Moerkens, "Dimming Fluorescent Lamps."
  • May 1967, V.28, #5/6/7, p.184: C.V. Newcomb, E.C. Snelling, "Analysis of Variability in Ferrite Cored Inductors."
  • Jan. 1968, V.29, #1, p.17: H.J.J. van Boort, R. Groth, "Low-pressure Sodium Lamps with Indium Oxide Filter."
  • May 1975, V.35, #5, p.126: A.C. van Maaren, O. Schob, W. Westerveld, "Boron Filament: A Light, Stiff, and Strong Material."
  • Sep. 1977, V.37, #9/10, p.221: J.L. Sommerdijk, A.L.N. Stevels, "The Behaviour of Phosphors with Aluminate Host Lattices."
  • Aug. 1980, V.39, #8, p.211: C.A. J. Jacobs and J.A.J.M. van Vliet, "A new generation of high-pressure sodium lamps."

Popular Science

  • Dec. 1972, p.84: William J. Hawkins, "Cold Lighting: It's Hot News Again."
  • Aug. 1976, p.56: George Alexander, "Litek - a 10-year bulb that saves energy and dollars."
  • Sep. 1980, p.125: Richard Stepler, "Energy-saving lighting."
  • Apr. 1982, p.85: John Free, "Super lamps - science reinvents the light bulb."
  • Sep. 1992, p.40: Mariette DiChristina, "Next Wave of Efficient Lighting?;"
  • -- p.41: Note, Dennis Normile, "Piped-in sunlight."

Progress in Ceramic Science

  • 1963, V. 3, p. 197: Robert L. Coble, Joseph E. Burke, "Sintering in Ceramics."

Scientific American

  • Apr. 1988, V.258, #4, p.78: Arthur H. Rosenfeld and David Hafemeister, "Energy-efficient Buildings."

 

Web sites:

American Lighting Association - <http://www.americanlightingassoc.com>
"The American Lighting Association is the only trade association uniting lighting Manufacturers, Showrooms/Distributors, Manufacturer Representatives, Component Manufacturers, and industry related companies dedicated to providing the public with quality residential lighting." [description from the association's home-page.]

The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America - <http://iesna.org>
"Mission: To advance knowledge and to disseminate information for the improvement of the lighted environment to the benefit of society." [description from the society's home-page.]

The International Dark-Sky Association - <http://www.darksky.org>
"The IDA is a non-profit, membership-based organization. IDA's goal is to be effective -- through education about (a) the value and effectiveness of quality nighttime lighting and (b) of the solutions to the problems -- in stopping the adverse environmental impact of light pollution and space debris." [description from the association's home-page.]

The Lighting Research Center - <http://www.lrc.rpi.edu>
"LRC is part of the School of Architecture at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. It was formed in 1988 with the goal of changing architecture, through lighting that is energy efficient and responsive to human needs. Since then, the LRC has grown into the world's largest university-based center for lighting research and education." [description from the center's home-page.]

The National Lighting Bureau - <http://www.nlb.org/>
"NLB is a nonprofit organization founded in 1976 to educate lighting decision-makers about the bottom-line benefits they can derive for their organizations-whether industrial, commercial, retail, or institutional-by specifying High-Benefit Lighting. The NLB is sponsored by professional societies, trade associations, manufacturers, and agencies of the federal government." [description from the bureau's home-page.]

United States Environmental Protection Agency- <http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=lighting.pr_lighting>
EPA's GreenLights program, now combined with the EnergyStar program, promotes adoption of energy-efficient lighting.

 

Interviews & Conversations On File:

 
  • John Anderson
  • Carlo Bessone
  • Joseph Burke
  • Said-Amr El-Hamamsy
  • Elmer Fridrich
  • Eugene Graff
  • Edward E. Hammer
  • Donald Hollister
  • Robert Levin
  • William Louden
  • Terry K. McGowan
  • Ernest C. Martt
  • Gerald S. Meiling
  • John V. Milewski
  • Frederick Mosby
  • Dick Neubert
  • Gilbert Reiling
  • Victor Roberts
  • William Roche
  • James Sarver
  • Maxine Savitz
  • Michael Ury
  • R. Gaines Young
  • Edward G. Zubler
  
   

© 2007 Smithsonian Institution
Last Updated: September 2007

  
   

COMMERCIAL LIGHTING |  INDUSTRIAL LIGHTING |  RESIDENTIAL LIGHTING
CONVEYORS QUESTIONS | PRODUCERS QUESTIONS | CONSUMERS QUESTIONS
HOME |  LINKS |  COPYRIGHT and CREDITS