Exempt Wholesale Generators

Utilities Could Expand Outside Franchise Areas

Wholesale Competition Only

Retail Competition in States

Supporters & Detractors of Competition

Disparity of Prices

Industrial Customers Wanted Lower-cost Power

Natural Gas Prices Decline

Other Parties Sought Competition Too

Opponents of Competition

High-cost Utility Companies

Residential Consumers

California Takes a Big Step

Features of California's Restructuring Law

New Infrastructural Institutions

Divesting Assets

Freedom to Choose Suppliers

Retention of Popular (but non-competitive) Programs

Residential Rate Cut

Other States Pass Restructuring Laws

New Hampshire

Other States

Go Slow Attitude

Federal Legislation?

An On-going Process

Learning from Experiences

Restructuring Is Not Synonymous with Deregulation