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| The Early Republic
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This
chart (below, left) is one of a series that teaches arithmetic. Designed by Boston
school superintendent and textbook author Frederick Emerson, it was used
to teach addition from images of bees, birds, watches, and butterflies.
The lesson proceeds from adding single objects to a general recitation
about adding ones. It was meant to be used with a numeral frame.
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In 1833 Connecticut school reformer and lecturer Josiah Holbrook developed a collection of apparatus for teaching in homes and schools. These models (above, right) are part of Holbrook’s set. He designed them to help students learn the names of simple solids, basic rules for calculating the area of various flat surfaces, and elementary drawing. Holbrook advertised that his equipment was “Good enough for the best, and cheap enough for the poorest.” It was used in thousands of schools. |
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