Hair Care

This section includes products such as shampoos, hair dyes, and hair nets. The text below provides some historical context and shows how we can use these products to explore aspects of American history, for example, changing beauty standards thoughout the nineteenth century. To skip the text and go directly to the objects, CLICK HERE

 

 Hall's Vegetable Sicilian Hair Renewer advertisement
Hall's Vegetable Sicilian Hair Renewer advertisement. Warshaw Collection of Business Americana, Archives Center, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution

The Museum’s collection of hair care products includes cleansers and shampoos, hair dyes and bleaches, hair straighteners and hair wavers, and hair styling products, as well as some hair accessories. Hair care products developed for, and often by, African-Americans make up a small but critical part of our collection.

Hair washing, like bathing, was not an important part of Americans' hygiene practices before the turn of the century. Rather, hair care practices focused on keeping hair thick, young-looking, styled, and free of parasites and dandruff. An aesthetic preference for long, thick, luxurious hair on women was dominant in America up until the 1920s. Images of this ideal mane of female hair abound on product packaging and advertising materials in the collection, and shampoo and tonic packaging includes grand claims regarding the healthy bounty of hair they could produce. Many of these products were aimed at both men and women, assuring them that the product could cure baldness, “renew” greying or brittle hair, and cure dandruff.

 Carboline advertisement
 Carboline advertisement. Warshaw Collection of Business Americana, Archives Center, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution

 

Dyes were marketed for both women and men, as covering up grey hair with “natural” appearing color was an aesthetic ideal for both genders.  Dyes for the beard were also available. Physicians criticized many hair tonics and dyes, warning that they contained toxic ingredients such as lead, or at best, were just expensively packaged household ingredients. In an article condemning the quackery of patent medicine makers, the September 1877 issue of Scientific American listed an analysis of the ingredients, for their readers’ “information and amusement,” in products such as Buckingham’s Dye for the Whiskers and Ayer’s Hair Vigor.

 Buckingham's Dye for the Whiskers advertisementBuckingham's Dye for the Whiskers Ayer's Hair VigorAyer's Hair Vigor advertisement

 Buckingham's Dye for the Whiskers and Ayer's Hair Vigor are held in the medicine and Science collections. The Archives Center has advertisements for both products. Warshaw Collection of Business Americana, Archives Center, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution

 

By the early 1900s, several hair care changes were afoot. Bathing had become an essential aspect of personal hygiene, and shampoos and cleansers for the hair became more common.

 Handwritten recipe for Poro Hair Grower, courtesy NMAAHC
Handwritten recipe for Poro Hair Grower. Collection of the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture, 2011.170

Also, the introduction of products that allowed women to permanently wave their hair helped to popularize shorter styles of tightly controlled curls. This style was fashionable in America from the 1920s to the mid-1960s.  Permanent waving technologies were based on a method developed by the textile industry for straightening wool fibers. Various permanent waving systems had been introduced to hair salons by the early 1900s, and these procedures used heat, chemicals, or a combination of the two to set lasting and controlled waves. The “perm’s” enormous popularity as a fashion and a salon procedure was solidified by the 1930s, and kits that allowed women to permanently wave their hair at home were introduced in the late 1940s.

Also during the 1900s, many hair products were created to straighten hair, rather than curl it. By 1906, Annie Turnbo Malone, owner of the Poro company, and Madam C.J. Walker were marketing extremely popular hair “growers” and pressing oils. These products claimed to enable African American women to style their hair into longer and looser fashions, while improving the hair health. Beginning in the 1930s, both African American men and women frequented beauty shops and barbershops that employed stronger hair straightening products, which used the same chemical process as permanent waving products. Manufacturers also marketed kits for at-home chemical straightening. At-home kits for hair relaxing and permanent waving were even marketed specifically for children.

 

Lucky Brown Pressing OilMadame Jones Seven Hot Comb OilKiddie Kit Creme Hair Relaxer
Lucky Brown Pressing OilLabel from Madame Jones Seven Hot Comb Oil, A Label from Lucky Brown Skin Lightener, African-American Cosmetic and Food Label Collection, Archives Center, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian InstitutiionKiddie Kit Creme Hair Relaxer 

 

;Venida Hair Net
Venida Nylon Hair Net

Another popular style from the 1920s—the bob, a short, cropped hair cut—also relied on straightening products. Both white and African American women straightened their hair in order to wear this style. Hair pins gained popularity during this period, both as a method of creating tight curls in shorter hair styles and as a way of controlling bobbed hair.

The bob had an unintended effect on another hair product market: hair net sales plummeted. Women sporting the new short cuts no longer needed hair nets. The Venida hair net company hired public relations expert Edward Bernays to reverse this trend, but women persisted in cutting their hair short. Bernays then successfully convinced health commissioners, labor groups, and industry leaders to lobby for rules requiring women working in restaurants and around machinery to wear hair nets, by arguing that women going without them presented a public health, sanitation, and safety hazard. Men appear to have been exempt from these same sanitation concerns.

In the late 1960s, American fashion changed, idealizing more natural-appearing hair styles. Hair products aimed at African American consumers emphasized kinkier-textured hair and less-restrained hair styles. Hair products aimed at white Americans emphasized long, smooth, straight hair. After the 1960s, American hair fashions changed more quickly than they had in the past, and the increasing variety in hair care products reflected the American trend for greater experimentation with personal appearance.

 Afro Sheen Blowout Kit for the Natural Revlon
Afro Sheen Blowout Kit for the Natural Farrah Fawcett Shampoo with Vitamins and Mineral1969 "Frost & Glow," Revlon Advertising Collection, Archives Center, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution

 

Bibliography ~ see the Bibliography Section for a full list of the references used in the making if this Object Group. However, the Hair Care section relied on the following references:

Jones, Geoffrey. Beauty Imagined: A History of the Global Beauty Industry. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2010. http://site.ebrary.com/id/10362197.

Peiss, Kathy Lee. Hope in a Jar: The Making of America’s Beauty Culture. New York: Metropolitan Books, 1998.

“Patent Medicines and Secret Remedies.” Scientific American. Munn & Company, September 29, 1877: Vol. XXXVII, No. 13, p. 197. Accessed April 19, 1016. Google Ebook.

Sherrow, Victoria. Encyclopedia of Hair: a Cultural History. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 2006.

Sloat, Warren. 1929, America Before the Crash. New York: Macmillan, 1979.

The indications or uses for this product as provided by the manufacturer are:Blair's Snow White Hair Dressing Helps Relieve Dry Scalp and Remove Dandruff Scales. It Beautifies the Hair and Makes Thick, Curly or Kinky Hair Easy to Arrange.Currently not on view
Description
The indications or uses for this product as provided by the manufacturer are:
Blair's Snow White Hair Dressing Helps Relieve Dry Scalp and Remove Dandruff Scales. It Beautifies the Hair and Makes Thick, Curly or Kinky Hair Easy to Arrange.
Location
Currently not on view
date made
after 1930
maker
Blair Laboratories
ID Number
1979.0798.190
accession number
1979.0798
catalog number
1979.0798.190
Currently not on view
Location
Currently not on view
date made
ca 1910 - 1927
ID Number
1978.0883.097
accession number
1978.0883
catalog number
1978.0883.097
Currently not on view
Location
Currently not on view
date made
after 1926
maker
Murray's Superior Products Company
ID Number
1979.0798.189
accession number
1979.0798
catalog number
1979.0798.189
The indications or uses for this product as provided by the manufacturer are:For Making Harsh Stubborn Hair Soft, Glossy, Luxurious, Removes DandruffCurrently not on view
Description
The indications or uses for this product as provided by the manufacturer are:
For Making Harsh Stubborn Hair Soft, Glossy, Luxurious, Removes Dandruff
Location
Currently not on view
date made
ca 1930-1940
maker
Exelento Medicine Company
ID Number
1979.0798.191
accession number
1979.0798
catalog number
1979.0798.191
Currently not on view
Location
Currently not on view
maker
Pears' Soap
ID Number
1979.0798.221
accession number
1979.0798
catalog number
1979.0798.221
The indications or uses for this product as provided by the manufacturer are:Coloring for gray hair.Currently not on view
Description
The indications or uses for this product as provided by the manufacturer are:
Coloring for gray hair.
Location
Currently not on view
maker
B. Paul
Cystogen Chemical Company
ID Number
1979.0798.225
accession number
1979.0798
catalog number
1979.0798.225
Currently not on view
Location
Currently not on view
maker
H.S. Peterson & Co.
ID Number
1979.0798.229
accession number
1979.0798
catalog number
1979.0798.229
The indications or uses for this product as provided by the manufacturer are:For Dandruff, Falling Hair, Itching Scalp, and for helping Nature maintain the life, beauty and color of the hair.
Description
The indications or uses for this product as provided by the manufacturer are:
For Dandruff, Falling Hair, Itching Scalp, and for helping Nature maintain the life, beauty and color of the hair. Women who wish beautiful, fluffy hair should use Parisian Sage daily.
Location
Currently not on view
date made
after 1922
maker
Giroux Manufacturing Co.
ID Number
1979.0798.230
accession number
1979.0798
catalog number
1979.0798.230
The indications or uses for this product as provided by the manufacturer are: Most delightful, cooling and invigorating. Allays itching of the scalp and relieves headachesCurrently not on view
Description
The indications or uses for this product as provided by the manufacturer are: Most delightful, cooling and invigorating. Allays itching of the scalp and relieves headaches
Location
Currently not on view
date made
1908-1918
maker
Phil. Eisemann
ID Number
1979.0798.231
accession number
1979.0798
catalog number
1979.0798.231
Currently not on view
Location
Currently not on view
date made
1900-1920
maker
Colgate and Company
ID Number
1979.0798.232
accession number
1979.0798
catalog number
1979.0798.232
Currently not on view
Location
Currently not on view
maker
Pinaud, E. D.
ID Number
1979.0798.236
accession number
1979.0798
catalog number
1979.0798.236
The indications or uses for this product as provided by the manufacturer are:For tinting the hair.Currently not on view
Description
The indications or uses for this product as provided by the manufacturer are:
For tinting the hair.
Location
Currently not on view
maker
Marlo Products Co.
ID Number
1979.0798.238
accession number
1979.0798
catalog number
1979.0798.238
Sol H. Goldberg (1887-1940) was a Chicagoan who, having invented Hump Hair Pins, established and presided over the Hump Hairpin Manufacturing Co. Later, when bobbed hair became fashionable, Goldberg began manufacturing bobby pins.Ref: “RITES TOMORROW / FOR HAIRPIN KING / SOL H.
Description
Sol H. Goldberg (1887-1940) was a Chicagoan who, having invented Hump Hair Pins, established and presided over the Hump Hairpin Manufacturing Co. Later, when bobbed hair became fashionable, Goldberg began manufacturing bobby pins.
Ref: “RITES TOMORROW / FOR HAIRPIN KING / SOL H. GOLDBERG,” Chicago Tribune (June 6, 1940), p. 30.
Location
Currently not on view
date made
ca 1915 - 1930
ID Number
1979.0798.498
accession number
1979.0798
catalog number
1979.0798.498
Currently not on view
Location
Currently not on view
date made
ca 1920
copyright date (on package)
1920
ID Number
1979.0798.538
accession number
1979.0798
catalog number
1979.0798.538
The indications or uses for this product as provided by the manufacturer are:for well groomed hair.Currently not on view
Description
The indications or uses for this product as provided by the manufacturer are:
for well groomed hair.
Location
Currently not on view
date made
20th century
maker
Lenwells, Inc.
ID Number
1979.0798.519
accession number
1979.0798
catalog number
1979.0798.519
Currently not on view
Location
Currently not on view
ID Number
1979.0798.520
accession number
1979.0798
catalog number
1979.0798.520
Currently not on view
Location
Currently not on view
maker
7 Sutherland Sisters
ID Number
1980.0317.04
accession number
1980.0317
catalog number
1980.0317.04
Currently not on view
Location
Currently not on view
ID Number
1979.1144.089
accession number
1979.1144
catalog number
1979.1144.089
The indications or uses for this product as provided by the manufacturer are:[for scalp conditioner:]The antiseptic "supersonic" sulfur treatment. Benefits the scalp as it glorifies the hair. "Activates" the scalp to feel more alive and healthy.
Description
The indications or uses for this product as provided by the manufacturer are:
[for scalp conditioner:]
The antiseptic "supersonic" sulfur treatment. Benefits the scalp as it glorifies the hair. "Activates" the scalp to feel more alive and healthy. Fights germs associated with dandruff and surface infections. Aids healing, relieves itching of scalp-trouble sore spots.
Directions: Rub well into scalp daily, especially around temples.
[for shampoo:]
Dandruff control. Helps the scalp as it improves the hair with natural softness and lustre.
Location
Currently not on view
ID Number
1979.1144.087
accession number
1979.1144
catalog number
1979.1144.087
Currently not on view
Location
Currently not on view
ID Number
1979.0798.537
accession number
1979.0798
catalog number
1979.0798.537
Currently not on view
Location
Currently not on view
maker
7 Sutherland Sisters
ID Number
1980.0317.02
accession number
1980.0317
catalog number
1980.0317.02
The indications or uses for this product as provided by the manufacturer are:A very effective application for cleansing and stimulating the scalp, and for restoring and preserving the luxurient beauty, vitality and strength of the hair.
Description
The indications or uses for this product as provided by the manufacturer are:
A very effective application for cleansing and stimulating the scalp, and for restoring and preserving the luxurient beauty, vitality and strength of the hair. Removes loose dandruff scales and aids in the prevention of dandruff, soothin minor irritation of the scalp, and is recommended as beneficial in the hygenic care of the hair and scalp. Excellent for softening and beautifying the hair, keeps the hair clean and fragrant, producing sheen and luster.
Location
Currently not on view
date made
ca 1940-1956
maker
Pfeiffer Company
ID Number
1980.0698.111
accession number
1980.0698
catalog number
1980.0698.111
Currently not on view
Location
Currently not on view
ID Number
1979.0798.506
accession number
1979.0798
catalog number
1979.0798.506
Currently not on view
Location
Currently not on view
maker
Prom Cosmetics
ID Number
1981.1006.01
accession number
1981.1006
catalog number
1981.1006.01

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