National Woven Coverlet Collection
What is a Coverlet?
In this collection, coverlet is defined as a decorative, woven bedcovering. Sometimes called coverlids or kivers, these bedcoverings have been present in American homes from Colonial times through the Colonial Revival. Coverlets were usually woven from a combination of linen or cotton and wool. They can be broadly divided into two categories based on design and loom type: geometric, and Figured and Fancy. These textiles were at their height of popularity in America from the 1750s through the 1870s. There was a resurgence in popularity at the turn of the twentieth century as Colonial Revival design developed. Hand-weavers in the US continue to weave from old geometric coverlet patterns, and contemporary computer-driven looms have made it easy to reproduce Figured and Fancy designs.
Learn more about the history and construction of coverlets.
This project was made possible by a grant from the Smithsonian Women’s Committee.
395
Page 1 of 20
-
"Patch Pattern" coverlet; overshot; 19th century
- Description
- This red, white, and blue, overshot coverlet was woven in a “Patch Pattern” variation. The coverlet measures 98 inches by 81 inches and is made up of three panels that were woven as one length, cut, and seamed together to create the finished width. The red and indigo wool supplementary pattern weft yarns are 2-ply, S-twist, Z-spun, and the white cotton yarns are 2-ply, S-twist, Z-spun. There are deep borders along all four sides of the coverlet that are created from fractional reductions of the main “Patch Pattern” motif. There is no information about this coverlet’s maker or origins.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- ID Number
- TE.T14680
- accession number
- 279888
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
-
Daniel Goodman Jacquard, tied-Beiderwand coverlet; Pennsylvania, 1842
- Description
- Daniel Goodman (b. 1800) wove this red, blue, and green, tied-Beiderwand coverlet for J. and M. Keen in Nescopeck, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania in 1842. The centerfield features a typical carpet medallion pattern composed of eight-point stars and stylized starburst motifs. The three borders depict the addorsed, German Distelfinken (thistle finches) flanked by rose bushes and Hom (Germanic tree of life). The cornerblocks read, “MADE.BY./DANIEL/GOODMAN/NESCOPECK/LUZERNECO/FOR/J.ANDM./KEEN/PENN.1842.” The donor's mother's maiden name was Keen. It is possible that the coverlet was made for Jacob Keen (1798-1862) and his wife Magdalena (1796-1886). This coverlet has no center seam, indicating that Goodman was using a broad loom to weave his coverlets and was possibly involved in early factory production in Luzerne County.
- Daniel Goodman was from family of Pennsylvania coverlet weavers. His father, Peter (b. 1783) was also a weaver as was Daniel’s son, John S. Goodman (b. 1820). Daniel Goodman’s extant coverlets date from 1841-1844. Daniel had presumably been weaving twenty years prior, but may not have been able to invest in new pattern weaving technology until the 1840s. Rather than being able to order equipment, patented loom technology was sold via licensing and franchise agreements with the patent holder(s).
- Location
- Currently not on view
- date made
- 1842
- maker
- Goodman, Daniel
- ID Number
- TE.T16364
- accession number
- 301346
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
-
Checked twill weave Coverlet fragment; 19th C.
- Description (Brief)
- Coverlet fragment in a multi-colored check design, woven with a twill weave. The white yarns are 3 ply z- twist cotton and the light blue, dark blue and red yarns are 2ply z- twist wool. The yarn count is 19 x 21 per inch. A 3" x 5' section is missing in one corner. Pattern: 8 5/8" x 9" repeat.
- Neg # 74-2025.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- date made
- 19th century
- ID Number
- TE.T16867
- accession number
- 310652
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
-
Overshot Coverlet; 1800-1850
- Description
- This is a blue and white, cotton and wool, overshot coverlet from the 19th century. The patterns used is similar to both “Governor’s Garden” and “Double Chariot Wheels.” The upper edge is hemmed, the lower edge has a warp fringe, and the remaining two sides have applied fringe. There is a border along three sides created from a fractional reduction of the main pattern. There coverlet measures 100 inches by 72 inches and was constructed from three panels which were woven as one length, cut, and seamed together to create the finished coverlet width. There is little provenance on this coverlet’s origins, but based on the design and construction, this coverlet was likely domestically produced by a woman or group of women sometime in the first half of the nineteenth century.
- date made
- 19th century
- maker
- unknown
- ID Number
- TE.T17390
- accession number
- 321804.210
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
-
Coverlet panel; overshot, multishaft; c. 1800-1825; poss. Pennsylvania
- Description
- This red, white, and blue, overshot panel was woven on a multishaft loom, likely in Pennsylvania, sometime in the first quarter of the nineteenth century. There is fringe along the side and bottom borders. The border found on two sides of the coverlet panel was created from a fractional reduction of the main block pattern. The coverlet panel was woven using wool and cotton yarns.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- date made
- c. 1800-1825
- ID Number
- 1998.0360.175
- accession number
- 1998.0360
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
-
Summer-and-Winter coverlet; c. 1800-1830; likely Pennsylvania
- Description
- This Summer-and-Winter weave coverlet of gold & tan has 1 1/4 inch gold knotted fringe on three sides with a rolled hem along the top edge. Woven in two sections, the center seam is hand sewn. Each panel is 40 1/4 inches wide. The warp and weft are both 2-ply, S-twist, Z-spun cotton, and the pattern weft is 2-ply, S-twist, Z-spun wool. The pattern is a geometric pattern similar to the German I-Block pattern found on page 123 of Marguerite P. Davison’s A Handweaver’s Pattern Book (1944). These geometric designs are often associated with Pennsylvania German weavers; however, the nature of four-harness looms and the designs that can be woven on them make these geometric patterns hard to attribute to one European weaving tradition. This particular pattern seems to be blend blockier, German geometric designs with British patterns like the Irish Chain.
- Summer-and-Winter weave is often written about as the quintessentially American weave structure. Scholars like Dorothy Burnham have claimed it is a North American invention, while Craft Revival weavers and scholars like Marguerite R. Davis have claimed it was brought to North America by the Finnish and Swedish settlers of what is today Delaware where it spread to the German population of Pennsylvania. Whatever the case, the structure is noted for short weft floats (no more than two warp yarns) and its reversibility. The name of the structure is apocryphal as well. People have claimed that there is a warmer and cooler side that is appropriate for changing seasons; however, the structure is balanced on both sides and the thickness and weight of the coverlet the same throughout. The choice of name and its origin remain an American weaving mystery to this day.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- date made
- 1800-1830
- ID Number
- 1998.0360.176
- accession number
- 1998.0360
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
-
Copp Family Overshot Coverlet; Connecticut; c. 1790-1800
- Description
- This red and white, cotton and wool, overshot coverlet comes from the Copp Family collection of Stonington, Connecticut and was woven sometime between 1790 and 1800. The pattern is a variation of the “Monk’s Belt” pattern most commonly known as “Braddock’s Defeat.” The coverlet is constructed of a natural linen warp, natural cotton weft, and madder-dyed, red wool supplementary weft yarnsThe coverlet is composed of three panels woven as one length, cut, and seamed with a 2-ply, S-twist, Z-spun, linen thread. This a 2.75 inch looped fringe is attached to three sides. The coverlet is a rare example of early imported spun cotton threads being used in weaving. The cotton yarns were not yet strong enough for use as warp threads, but here serve as the ground cloth weft threads.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- Date made
- early 19th century
- probably late 18th century
- date made
- c. 1770-1800
- c. 1790-1800
- maker
- unknown
- ID Number
- TE.H6675
- catalog number
- H006675.000
- accession number
- 28810
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
-
Copp Family Overshot Coverlet, late 18th C.
- Description
- This hand woven overshot coverlet is part of the Copp Collection which was given to the Museum in the late 19th century. The pattern is similar to "White Mountian" or "Granite State' and woven with linen and wool yarn. The coverlet is woven in two sections with each section being 42 3/4 inches wide. The two sections are joined together with linen sewing thread. The coverlet was probably made in the 18th century. The weaver is unknown.
- Date made
- late 18th century
- 18th century
- date made
- c. 1770-1800
- ID Number
- TE.H6677
- catalog number
- H006677.000
- accession number
- 28810
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
-
Abram Allen; coverlet; Jacquard, double-cloth;1838; Ohio
- Description
- Abram Allen wove this Jacquard, double-cloth coverlet in Ohio in 1838. Measuring eighty-two inches by seventy-four inches, the coverlet features a stylized tulip, bell-flower, or pear centerfield with bird and tree borders. The side borders also feature a quadrupled sine curve border and the bottom border is made up of a six-fold sine curve. The word Ohio and the date 1838 are woven into two lower corners of the coverlet. Although unsigned, this coverlet can be attributed to Abram Allen and is similar to another coverlet in the NMAH collection (1980.0089.01). This double-cloth coverlet was woven from a combination of two sets of wool and cotton warps that exchange places revealing the pattern and lock the two separate plain weave structures together in a complementary weave structure. Abram Allen was born May 3, 1796, in Ireland. He married Kate Cata Howlan (1800-1866) June 25, 1818, and died June 7, 1867, in Clinton, OH. Coverlet scholar, John Heisey described him as the only man in the county with a flying shuttle, suggesting he owned a broad loom. This makes more sense when considering that the coverlet is one piece rather that center-seamed. Clarita Anderson noted that later in his life, Allen was listed in various census as both a wagon-maker and farmer, suggesting that weaving was only ever a part of his economic activity in Clinton County. Henry Ford Museum in Michigan and the Art Institute of Chicago both possess coverlets in the style of the one held by NMAH.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- Date made
- 1838
- maker
- unknown
- ID Number
- TE.T10093
- catalog number
- T10093.000
- accession number
- 134186
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
-
Overshot coverlet, "Double Bow Knot", ca. 1867
- Description
- Blue and white overshot coverlet woven in a Double Bow Knot design. finished on one end with with fringe formed by cotton warp. This coverlet was owned by the donor's mother, Mary Josephine Bishop (Mrs. W.W. Fierce). Mary Josephine Bishop was born c 1848 in Wilksville, OH and married William Wallace Fierce. She died June 26, 1924, in Washington, DC.
- Date made
- 1867
- about1867
- date made
- about 1867
- ID Number
- TE.T7849
- catalog number
- T7849
- T.7849
- accession number
- 141189
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
-
Geometric Double-Cloth Coverlet; Pennsylvania, 1789
- Description
- The date 1789 and two letters (no longer readable) are embroidered into this double-woven coverlet in cross-stitch. The pattern features a variation of the "Pine Tree" motif in the border, and repetitive squares and diamonds in the center. Three of the four edges have an applied fringe. The coverlet is believed to have been made by a member of the Brown family of the village of Emilie, Pennsylvania, and received by the donor from his mother's father, Henry C. Brown (1848—-1921). He obtained it from his father, John B. Brown, of Emilie, Bucks County, Pennsylvania. The maker of the coverlet is unknown.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- date made
- 1785-1800
- ID Number
- TE.T7878
- catalog number
- T07878.000
- accession number
- 142620
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
-
Jacob Impson; Figured and Fancy coverlet; double-cloth; 1834; New York
- Description
- Jacob Impson wove this Figured and Fancy, blue and white double-cloth coverlet for Louis Burnham in 1834. The coverlet was woven from two sets of cotton and wool warp and weft and has no fringe. The centerfield pattern features “Double Lily” medallions offset by starbursts. The borders along three sides appear to depict grape vines or possibly even a hops plant, used in brewing beer. The words "Cortland Village" are woven along border, as is the word “Fancy.” The names Lois Burnham and Jacob Impson and the date 1834 are woven into the lower corner blocks.
- Jacob Impson (1802-1869) wove coverlets from at least 1832-1845 in Ludlowville and Cortland Village, Cortland County, New York. Impson advertised in the 1824 Ithaca Journal that he was operating a weaving workshop out of the home of John Goodrich. At some point before 1834, Impson relocated to the county seat, Cortland Village where he wove this coverlet for Lois Burnham (1792-1849). More research is needed to learn more about Lois’ life, but we do know from the NY Mortality Census that she was born in Connecticut, married, and fifty-four years old when she died of dysentery in Cortland County.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- date made
- 1834
- owner
- Burnham, Lois
- weaver
- Impson, Jacob
- ID Number
- TE.T8113
- catalog number
- T08113.000
- accession number
- 144578
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
-
John (Johannes) Kaufman; coverlet; Jacquard, tied-Beiderwand; 1839; Pennsylvania
- Description
- John (Johannes) Kaufman (1812-1863) wove this Jacquard, tied-Beiderwand coverlet which features a “Double Lily” carpet medallion centerfield pattern. There is an inner border of addorsed roosters and garlands and an outer border of double flowers along the sides and bottom. There are also two inscribed cornerblocks identifying the maker, customer, place made, and date. Kaufman used red wool and indigo-dyed cotton to weave this coverlet in tied-Beiderwand structure. Sometimes called single-Jacquard, this structure is an integrated weave and identifiable by the ribbed texture of the textile. In the upper left hand corner there is a large amount of red yarn missing due to wear. Smaller amounts of red yarn is missing from five others areas on the coverlet.
- John (Johannes) Kaufman (1812-1863) was a Mennonite weaver. He was born in Lehigh County, Pennsylvania and began weaving in Hilltown Township in Bucks County in 1837. Samuel Moyer was the customer for whom the coverlet was woven. There are five Samuel Moyers buried in the Blooming Glen Mennonite Meetinghouse graveyard alongside Kaufman, and it is almost certain one of these interrelated Samuels that was the commissioner of the coverlet. This correlation reflects that artisan weavers often gained customers from trade and community networks which they were already a part of. Pennsylvania coverlet scholar, Ron Walter estimates that Kaufman wove between 400 and 500 coverlets. Most are still owned by family descendants but some are in the collections at NMAH, the Pennsylvania Museum of Art, the Mennonite Heritage Center, and private collections like Walter's. Kauffman is known to have operated as a weaver from 1837-1847 when rival weaver, Samuel B. Musselman seemingly forced him out of business. This coverlet is different than most other Kaufman coverlets, because of the indigo-dyed cotton warp threads. His other extant coverlets feature the typical horizontal color bands of reds, greens, blues, and white common in Pennsylvania coverlets. The donor purchased the coverlet in 1927 in nearby Quakertown, Bucks County, Pennsylvania.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- Date made
- 1839
- maker
- Kaufman, John
- ID Number
- TE.T8137
- catalog number
- T08137.000
- accession number
- 145933
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
-
Martha Mildred Mills Vaughn; "Sixteen Patch," coverlet; overshot; c. 1830-1838; Georgia
- Description
- According to family lore, Martha Mildred Mills Vaughn (b. 1822) wove this "Sixteen Patch" pattern, overshot coverlet from cotton and indigo-dyed wool before her marriage to husband, William Vaughn in Atlanta in 1838. Martha Vaughn was the grandmother of the donor and lived in Macon, Georgia. The pattern is developed in six inch squares composed of forty-nine blocks of uniform size, and bordered with a one and a half inch band. The coverlet is woven in three sections. The donor remembered her grandmother telling her that she spun the yarn used in the coverlet, and "made" it. According to donor she made the coverlet before she married, leading to the date attribution of 1830-1838. This would make Martha between the ages of eight and sixteen. There is no federal census record which matches her information suggesting that Martha may have died prior to the 1850 Federal Census when other members of the household were first recorded by name. More research is needed to determine which William Vaughn could have been Martha’s husband in order to learn more about the family.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- Date made
- ca. 1830
- date made
- ca. 1830 ?
- c. 1830-1838
- maker
- Vaughn, Martha Mildred Mills
- ID Number
- TE.T8291
- catalog number
- ?008291.000
- T08291.000
- accession number
- 151208
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
-
Samuel Graham; coverlet; Figured and Fancy, double-cloth; 1847; Indiana
- Description
- Samuel Graham (1805-1871) of Henry and Delaware Counties, Indiana wove this blue and white, Figured and Fancy, double-cloth coverlet featuring the profile of presidential candidate and Major General Zachary Taylor in 1847. The centerfield is made of up double profile bust portaits of Taylor which form squares which are filled with double fylfot or swastika designs. The fylfot is a common folk motif that can be traced back millennia. The three borders all depict a tree design. Beyond the tree border is a very thin border of the words, "Rough and Ready" repeated over and over. “Rough and Ready” was Taylor’s nickname earned during his many battles against Native American groups and in the Mexican-American War and was later used as a campaign slogan during the election campaign of 1847-1848. The cornerblocks feature a spread-wing eagle on a branch. This is Graham’s preferred trademark design. = The date 1847 appears in two corners. The coverlet was constructed from two panels and measures 83 inches by 76 inches. The coverlet originally belonged to U.S. Representative, Hamilton Fish’s (NY) secretary, George Hill who inherited the coverlet from his mother.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- date made
- 1847
- depicted
- Taylor, Zachary
- possible maker
- Graham, Samuel
- weaver
- Graham, Samuel
- ID Number
- TE.T8401
- catalog number
- T8401
- accession number
- 156229
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
-
Dennis Cosley coverlet; Jacquard, tied-Beiderwand; 1845; Pennsylvania
- Description
- This Jacquard, tied-Beiderwand coverlet features a “Double Tulip and Carnation” carpet medallion and starburst centerfield. The borders along the sides and bottom all feature the "Rose Tree and Plume" pattern, and inscribed cornerblocks identifying the weaver as D. Cosley, the place woven as Fayetteville, Pennsylvania, and the date, 1845. The red, white, blue & green wool and cotton yarns interlace forming an integrated weave structure known as tied-Biederwand and identifiable because of the ribbed appearance of the finished textile. The coverlet has self-fringe on three sides and measure eighty-four by eighty inches. The lack of a center seam indicates that this coverlet was woven on a broadloom with a fly shuttle and possibly even a power loom.
- Dennis Cosley (1816-1904) was born in Berkeley County, Virginia (now West Virginia), and he was trained as a weaver along with his brother, George (1805-1884) in Franklin County, Pennsylvania. The brothers were operating a mill in Bridgeport, Pennsylvania in 1837. Dennis opened a mill in Fayetteville in 1844. It is that mill in which this coverlet was woven. That mill in Fayetteville burned two years later, and the Cosley brothers relocated to Xenia, Greene County, Ohio. In Xenia, tax documents show Dennis Cosley owning a coverlet and carpet factory that employed at least three men. Cosley left Xenia in 1864, moved to Miami County, Ohio and opened a weaving mill there. He retired to Troy, Ohio and operated a store until his death in 1904. Dennis' first wife was Margaret Ann Comer Cosley (1817-1852). She was born in Pennsylvania. His second wife was Catherine Landis (Landess) Cosley (1833-1917). Catherine was born in Xenia, Ohio. Catherine and Dennis were married 1858. This coverlet was owned by the Cosley family and donated by one of Dennis' children. This coverlet is an early example of his factory's work in Fayetteville, PA and important because it shows that signed coverlets can be representative of factory production, not just artisan craft.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- Date made
- 1845
- weaver
- Cosley, Dennis
- ID Number
- TE.T8431
- catalog number
- T08431.000
- accession number
- 157562
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
-
"Pine Blossom;" coverlet; overshot; c. 1855; Alabama
- Description
- The donor collected this black, red, and white, overshot coverlet in 1908 in Fayetteville, Alabama from an elderly woman who claimed to have prepared the wool and woven it in the mid-1850s. The pattern is known as “Pine Blossom.” The coverlet measures 98 inches by 90.5 inches and is made of three lengths of fabric, that are seamed together. The red dye used in the coverlet is likely pokeberry.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- Date made
- Mid-1850s?
- date made
- c. 1855
- ID Number
- TE.T8432
- catalog number
- T08432.000
- accession number
- 157596
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
-
ohn B. Welty; coverlet: Jacquard, tied-Beiderwand; Maryland,1841
- Description
- John B. Welty (1792-1841) wove this coverlet in 1841 in Boonsboro, Washington County, Maryland. Welty and his brother, George (b. 1800-1810) both wove in the town. There are 3 borders present, all featuring a double rose and branches and addorsed thistle finches (Distelfinken). The centerfield features double flower medallions and sunbursts, most closely related to the “Lillies of France” or “Double Lily” patterns. The name of the weaver (John Welty), the town (Boonsboro, Washington County, Maryland), and the date (1841) can be seen in the two lower cornerblocks. The coverlet structure is called 2/1 tied-Biederwand and features a 2-end warp rib of natural cotton which alternates and it “tied” together with a single end of blue dyed cotton; the filling yarns of red, light blue, and dark blue, dyed wool form the pattern and horizontal banding; and the tabby is of fine natural cotton yarn. This weave structure is known as Biederwand and was particularly popular among Germans immigrating into Pennsylvania and the surrounding regions. The coverlet was a gift of the Russell sisters. Family legend claims that the sheep for the wool were raised by the Russell's great grandparents, Jacob and Catherine Mullendore of Rohrsville, PA. The coverlet is in excellent condition and a fine example of Western Maryland coverlet weaving traditions and the influence of Pennsylvania German weaving traditions found along the Great Wagon Road. Of interesting note is that fact that coverlets signed with John B. Welty’s name continued to be made until 1853. Clarita Anderson posited two different hypotheses for why this may be—one, that John’s wife, Catharine Blessing Welty (1802-1854) continued the weaving business after her husband’s death, or two, that a former employee of Welty’s and possible lover of the widow Welty, George Ortell continued weaving in John’s name for Catharine. George and Catharine never married, Catherine is buried next to her husband, John, and Catharine and John’s children were entangled in a series of lawsuits involving Ortell to settle their mother’s estate.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- Date made
- 1841
- weaver
- Welty, John B.
- ID Number
- TE.T8486
- catalog number
- T08486.000
- accession number
- 158408
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
-
Fragment of a geometric double cloth coverlet; Tennessee
- Description
- Fragment of a geometric double cloth coverlet. Fragment of a sixteen harness double weave coverlet, said to have been woven by two professional male weavers. Fancy block pattern made of squares and rectangles in rose wool and coarse bleached cotton.
- Said to have been made by 2 traveling weavers in 1773, in Tennessee. The use of cotton makes this date uncertain (unlikely). The donor, Mrs. Laura M. Allen, was Director of Weaving in Mechanics' Institute, Rochester, N.Y.
- Because of the donor, Mrs. Allen's, importance in teaching and preserving early handweaving, and the use of materials she collected in books on the subject, NMAH should keep the fragments she donated in the collection, as part of the national woven coverlet collection.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- date made
- late 18th C.
- ID Number
- TE.T04934.000
- catalog number
- T04934.000
- accession number
- 71965
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
-
Peter Stauffer overshot coverlet sample, early 1800s
- Description
- Peter Stauffer was a professional weaver in Chester County, Pennsylvania in the early nineteenth century. He recorded payments for coverlets and tablecloths that he wove for local customers in his account book, dating between 1810 and 1831, (object number TE*T14233). This piece is a hemmed fragment of a larger coverlet in the “Star and Diamond” pattern, woven by Stauffer in red, dark blue and green wool with white cotton. Stauffer also wove small samples of different coverlet patterns to advertise his skills and help customers select designs; one of these was also acquired by the museum. According to his accounts, by the later 1820s Stauffer made fewer coverlets, likely losing this business to the coverlets with realistic floral and other complex patterns produced on the newly popular, mechanized, jacquard looms. In 1812, Stauffer married Suzanna Hartz. The family soon switched professions, working as carpet weavers and later in iron foundries.
- date made
- ca. 1810-1831
- ID Number
- TE.T11195
- catalog number
- T11195
- accession number
- 206774
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
Pages
Filter Your Results
- data source
- topic
- Furnishings 389
- Textiles 229
- Coverlets 6
- Animals 4
- Birds 4
- object type
- Bed coverings 81
- Tablecloths 2
- Counterpanes 1
- Pillow shams 1
- date
- place
- United States 288
- Pennsylvania 57
- New York 45
- Ohio 23
- Indiana 17
- set name
- type
- edanmdm 395
