For many years, this grave marker marked the final resting place of Bertha Flaten in the cemetery at Faribault State School and Hospital in Minnesota. Flaten spent much of her life in an institution because she had a seizure disorder. When she died in 1905, her grave was located by a number rather than her name or dates. This stark record-keeping practice was common in state institutions across the country. Former patient in-mates, their families, and descendants have been replacing such markers with proper recognition, in an effort to restore their humanity.
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Bronze coin mounted inside an easel back coin holder.
The coin is a souvenir from the 1970 dedication of Three Rivers Stadium, former home of Major League Baseball's Pittsburgh Pirates and the National Football League's Pittsburgh Steelers. The Stadium was one of the era's attempts at creating multi-purpose stadiums to host teams from multiple sports.
The Stadium was opened on July 16, 1970 for a game between the Pittsburgh Pirates and the Cincinnati Reds, and last used on December 16, 2000 for a game between the Pittsburgh Steelers and the Washington Redskins (now Commanders.) It was demolished on February 11, 2001, with both teams moving to new, separate fields.
Julia Child occasionally used French bistro signs as props on the early episodes of The French Chef television series, which first aired in 1963. This sign, in red and black lettering, advertises “Frites,” or French fries, one of the few French foods she knew her American audience would find familiar. Julia’s introduction of both favorite dishes and unfamiliar cuisine through humor and a sense of adventure brought the message home to viewers in an accessible and memorable way.
Sleeve patch worn on Major League Baseball uniforms during the 1939 season. The patch commemorated The centennial of Baseball although baseball had been played in various forms before 1839. The anniversary gave credence to the myth that Abner Doubleday should receive credit for formalizing the rules of baseball in 1839 in Cooperstown, New York. While Doubleday's actual involvement is disputed today, he was an important figure to those who argued that baseball was strictly an invention of the United States.
1939's Centennial of Baseball coincided with the opening of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in Cooperstown, New York.
This engraved wood block was used to print an image in the publication "United States Exploring Expedition, During the Years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842, Zoophytes," 1846, Volume 7, Chapter 4, "Actinoidea," page 77, figure 35, calcareous lamellae. The image was drawn by Joseph Drayton and was engraved by an unknown artist. It was originally printed by C. Sherman of Philadelphia.
Between the winter of 1860 and the spring of 1861, eleven Southern states broke away from the United States to form a new country, the Confederate States of America (CSA). As a fledgling nation, the Confederacy faced two obstacles: to create a sense of national unity and to arm its troops to wage a modern war. Money connected both issues—it would celebrate the new nation and finance the war. On March 9, 1861, the CSA authorized a national currency.
Between 1861 and 1865, the new government issued Confederate currency on eight separate occasions. Each issuance pumped millions of dollars into circulation. Counterfeiters added to the deluge with freshly made fakes. The result was a staggering amount of paper money and massive inflation. The CSA responded to the problem by recalling, cancelling, and burning old notes to remove them from circulation. The first official recall on February 17th, 1864, came after two years of less harsh—but unsuccessful—efforts to reduce the volume of currency in circulation.
The problem of what to do with all of the recalled money fell to the Confederate Treasury Department, which enlisted the help of banks and depositories. Historian and numismatist Douglas Ball identified three primary strategies used to cancel currency. Machine-powered circular punches were preferred by the Treasury, while banks canceled currency by striking it with bank hammers, which left two x-shaped slices on the note. Depositories also used bank hammers, but sometimes opted to cut the notes with scissors, leaving two small triangles along the bottom edge.
Once cancelled, all notes were sent to the Confederate Treasury in Richmond, Virginia, to be burned. Some notes escaped destruction. At war’s end, the Union Army confiscated the notes along with Confederate government records to investigate a possible connection between the Confederacy and President Abraham Lincoln’s assassination.
Today, researchers examine Confederate Currency seeking clues about the economic, social, and technological underpinnings of the South during the Civil War. Smithsonian curator and historian Richard Doty has discovered physical evidence of some of the extraordinary measures people undertook to keep their money in circulation. Stitches, postage stamps, pieces of newsprint, and even fragments of love letters were used to reinforce torn notes.
The careful repair of Confederate currency was done for reasons that had nothing to do with simple economics. Money has always been seen as an emblem of sovereignty. So if people simply allowed their money to disintegrate –and some must have been tempted in that direction, as the value of their money had shrunk almost to the vanishing point by the final months of the war– what did that say about their belief in the Cause?
The image on this lithographic stone was prepared to print an image in the publication "United States Exploring Expedition, During the Years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842," Volume 10, "Geology - Atlas," 1849. The image depicts "Oregon Fossils, Plate 21." The images was prepared by the lithographic firm Sarony & Major after illustrations by James Dwight Dana.
Between the winter of 1860 and the spring of 1861, eleven Southern states broke away from the United States to form a new country, the Confederate States of America (CSA). As a fledgling nation, the Confederacy faced two obstacles: to create a sense of national unity and to arm its troops to wage a modern war. Money connected both issues—it would celebrate the new nation and finance the war. On March 9, 1861, the CSA authorized a national currency.
Between 1861 and 1865, the new government issued Confederate currency on eight separate occasions. Each issuance pumped millions of dollars into circulation. Counterfeiters added to the deluge with freshly made fakes. The result was a staggering amount of paper money and massive inflation. The CSA responded to the problem by recalling, cancelling, and burning old notes to remove them from circulation. The first official recall on February 17th, 1864, came after two years of less harsh—but unsuccessful—efforts to reduce the volume of currency in circulation.
The problem of what to do with all of the recalled money fell to the Confederate Treasury Department, which enlisted the help of banks and depositories. Historian and numismatist Douglas Ball identified three primary strategies used to cancel currency. Machine-powered circular punches were preferred by the Treasury, while banks canceled currency by striking it with bank hammers, which left two x-shaped slices on the note. Depositories also used bank hammers, but sometimes opted to cut the notes with scissors, leaving two small triangles along the bottom edge.
Once cancelled, all notes were sent to the Confederate Treasury in Richmond, Virginia, to be burned. Some notes escaped destruction. At war’s end, the Union Army confiscated the notes along with Confederate government records to investigate a possible connection between the Confederacy and President Abraham Lincoln’s assassination.
Today, researchers examine Confederate Currency seeking clues about the economic, social, and technological underpinnings of the South during the Civil War. Smithsonian curator and historian Richard Doty has discovered physical evidence of some of the extraordinary measures people undertook to keep their money in circulation. Stitches, postage stamps, pieces of newsprint, and even fragments of love letters were used to reinforce torn notes.
The careful repair of Confederate currency was done for reasons that had nothing to do with simple economics. Money has always been seen as an emblem of sovereignty. So if people simply allowed their money to disintegrate –and some must have been tempted in that direction, as the value of their money had shrunk almost to the vanishing point by the final months of the war– what did that say about their belief in the Cause?
This engraved wood block was used to print an image in the publication "United States Exploring Expedition, During the Years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842, Zoophytes," 1846, Volume 7, Chapter 4, "Actinoidea," page 32, figure 13, spicules of the Actinia. The image was drawn by Joseph Drayton and was engraved by an unknown artist. It was originally printed by C. Sherman of Philadelphia.