This is an example of an early graphing calculator sold by Texas Instruments. The TI-82 was introduced in 1993, as an improvement on the TI-81. The handheld electronic calculator has a gray plastic case with a sliding cover that can also serve as a stand. It has an array of forty-one rectangular plastic keys, many of which can take on three meanings. These include a wide number of arithmetic, trigonometric, statistical, algebraic, and analytic functions. Letters of the alphabet also can be represented. The calculator also has four arrow keys, plus a row of five keys immediately under the display that relate to graphing. Four of these also can take on two meanings. In addition to performing a wide range of calculations, the calculator could display eight lines of text sixteen characters long or graph ten rectangular or six parametric or polar functions simultaneously. It also could list tables and calculate derivatives and integrals of functions.
A mark above the display reads: TEXAS INSTRUMENTS TI-82. A cable (not present in this example) allowed sharing data with another TI-82.
The back of the calculator has a compartment at the bottom that holds four AAA batteries as well as a small CR1616 or CR1620 battery (the compartment cover is missing on this example). A mark above the battery compartment reads in part: TEXAS (/) INSTRUMENTS (/) 30009182 I-0495Q (/) MADE IN TAIWAN R.O.C. Further text on the back of the calculator indicates that the design was copyrighted in 1991.
This TI-82 was used by mathematician Florence Fasanelli in workshops for teachers and in classes.
References:
Accession file.
[Advertisement]. Washington Post, August 7, 1994, p. AE19. TI-82 calculator, list price of $125.00, on sale for $99.99.
[Advertisement]. Washington Post, September 6, 1995, p. A26. TI-82 calculator, list price of $125.00, on sale for $79.99.
[Advertisement]. Washington Post, August 17, 1997, p. N6. TI-82 calculator, list price of $125.00, on sale for $79.99.
[Advertisement]. Washington Post, August 23, 1998, p. AE11. TI-82 calculator $79.99 after $10 price break.
This is an example of the first commercially sold handheld graphing electronic calculator, introduced by Casio in 1985. The sides of the calculator are black plastic, with a metal keyboard and back. As with earlier calculators, it includes a ten-digit array of keys for entering numbers, a decimal point key, four arithmetic function keys, a delete (clear entry) key, and an all clear key. In addition, it has keys for a wide array of mathematical functions, including square roots, squares, logarithms, natural logarithms, inverses, sines, cosines, tangents, powers, and roots. It is also possible to use the keys in “shift” and “alpha” modes to carry out different functions or enter alphabetic characters. One also may enter programs in a programming language devised by Casio and graph functions, either over a predetermined range or over a range set by the user.
Both programs and results appear on a liquid crystal display that is behind the keyboard.The display could show sixteen characters in each of eight lines. A mark behind the display reads: CASIO SCIENTIFIC CALCULATOR fx-7000G GRAPHICS. The on/off switch is on the left side. A mark on the back reads: CASIO fx-7000G (/) RATING: DC 9V 0.07W (/) use BATTERY 3.0V x 3 (/) MADE IN JAPAN (/) BM CASIO COMPUTER CO., LTD. A bar code sticker attached to the back of the calculator reads: SAN JUAN HIGH SCHOOL LIBRARY.
The calculator is stored in a black plastic sleeve marked: CASIO.
For a slightly later form of the calculator, the Casio fx-7000GA, see 2000.0146.02.
Hawaiian-born Jeanne Shimizu taught mathematics at San Juan High School in Citrus Heights, California, from about 1979 until her resignation in 2001 after twenty-one years of teaching. At that point she went on to get a PhD. at Penn State, completing her degree in 2013. From 2012 she has been on the faculty at SUNY Old Westbury in Long Island, New York.
For a related manual, for the fx-7000GA, see 2000.3037.01.
This small paperback book describes the operation of the Casio fx-7000GA graphing calculator. The undated publication is well illustrated. The calculator shown closely resembles the Casio fx-7000G, an example of which is 2000.0146.01. Both that calculator and the manual were used at San Juan High School in Citrus Heights, California.
This is an example of a slightly later version of the Casio fx-7000G graphing calculator introduced by Casio in 1985. The sides of the calculator are black plastic, with a metal keyboard and back. As with earlier calculators, it includes a ten-digit array of keys for entering numbers, a decimal point key, four arithmetic function keys, a delete (clear entry) key, and an all clear key. In addition, it has keys for a wide array of mathematical functions, including square roots, squares, logarithms, natural logarithms, inverses, sines, cosines, tangents, powers, and roots. It is also possible to use the keys in “shift” and “alpha” modes to carry out different functions or enter alphabetic characters. One also may enter programs in a programming language devised by Casio and graph functions, either over a predetermined range or over a range set by the user.
Both programs and results appear on a liquid crystal display that is behind the keyboard.The display could show sixteen characters in each of eight lines. A mark behind the display reads: CASIO SCIENTIFIC CALCULATOR fx-7000GA GRAPHICS. The on/off switch is on the left side. A mark on the back reads: CASIO fx-7000GA (/) RATING: DC 9V 0.04W (/) use BATTERY CR2032 x 3 (/) MADE IN JAPAN (/) BM CASIO COMPUTER CO., LTD. A bar code sticker attached to the back of the calculator reads: SAN JUAN HIGH SCHOOL LIBRARY.
The calculator is stored in a black plastic sleeve marked: CASIO
For a related manual, see 2000.3037.01.
In addition to requiring less power, the Casio fx-7000GA had a slightly larger type font on its keys and used a keyboard that was in shades of gray rather than silver. In the fx-7000GA, keys for finding estimated values using a regression formula are found in a different mode. In other words, the keys designed for multiplication and division are used somewhat differently.
By 1990 the American educational market for graphing calculators was highly competitive. Early that year Texas Instruments introduced its first graphing calculator for classroom use, the TI-81. A special overhead projection unit of the calculator was available, and advertisements showed a teacher displaying calculator results on a screen, with fascinated students comparing her work with the displays of their own calculators. By November, Casio sold a modified form of its FX-7000G calculator for use with an overhead projector, the OH-7000G. This is an example of that device.
The overside handheld electronic calculator has a gray plastic case, a silver-colored metal keyboard with plastic keys, and a translucent glass display screen above the keyboard. The keys are like those of the fx-7000G. A mark above the keyboard reads: CASIO SCIENTIFIC CALCULATOR OH-7000G GRAPHICS.
The back of the calculator has room for four batteries in a compartment at the base. The screen is at the top and there are four rectangular feet. A mark above the battery compartment reads: CASIO 0H-7000G (/) RATING: DC 6V = 0.04W (/) use BATTERY 1.5v x 4 (/) MADE IN JAPAN (/) CASIO COMPUTER CO., LTD.
The calculator fits in a gray plastic case with a snap.
The metal and glass projection unit, made by Buhl, fits in a blue cloth bag.
References:
“Introducing the TI-81 Graphics Calculator. An educated solution tailored to educational needs [advertisement],” Mathematics Teacher, vol. 83 #4, April, 1990, front matter.
“The Power to Project Your Ideas [advertisement],” Mathematics Teacher, vol. 83 #8, November, 1990, front matter.
Casio Computer Company introduced its fx-7000G graphing calculator in 1985. By 1989, when this monograph was published, other graphing calculators were available, not only from Casio, but from Sharp and Hewlett-Packard. However, because of its low cost, relatively large viewing screen, versatility, and ease of operation, the authors of the manual chose to focus on use of the Casio fx-7000G. George Kitchen of the Portage public schools persuaded Paul Eckert of the Kalamazoo Area Mathematics and Science Center and Cameron Nichols of the Kalamazoo Area Mathematics and Science Center to coauthor the book with him. They recruited Charles Vonder Embse of Central Michigan University to write the section on programming. The detailed text also describes basic operations of the calculator, graphical solutions to equations, a variety of functions, and applications in modeling in statistics. It was distributed by the Michigan Section of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics.
In addition to publishing textbooks that required use of a graphing calculator, Addison-Wesley published a manual describing the use of computer software, Casio graphing calculators, and Sharp graphing calculators with those textbooks. This document by Alan Osborne and Gregory D. Foley of Ohio State University accompanied a series of textbooks by Franklin Demana and Bert K. Waits.
For one of the related textbooks, see 2000.3037.04.
The advent of the graphing calculator and the personal computer transformed the way many students in the United States learned mathematics. In 1989, the Curriculum and Evaluation Standards for School Mathematics, published by the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, assumed that all students in grades nine through twelve would have access to a graphing calculator. Franklin Demana and Bert K. Waits of The Ohio State University had been interested in the use of graphing calculators in mathematics education since for some years. In 1990, they published this textbook for high school use.
Reference:
P. A. Kidwell, A. Ackerberg-Hastings, and David L. Roberts, Tools of American Mathematics Teaching, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008.