One inscription on this celluloid rule reads “COPYRIGHT G. P. WILHELM 1917 / MFR. AND DISTRIBUTOR EDWARD C. MCKAY / CLEVELAND, OHIO / PATENT APPLIED FOR.” Another reads “THE MILOMETER.” Glenn Perrin Wilhelm (1889-1941) was an officer in the U.S. Army, and an authority on ballistics. He devised this slide rule-like computer for forward observers, to help them direct the indirect fire of machine guns and small arms.
Ref: Glenn P. Wilhelm, Machine Gun Fire Control (Cleveland: Edward C. McKay, 1917).
This ten-inch one-sided bamboo rule is coated with white celluloid only on the front. There is no indicator. The base has A, D, and K scales. The slide has B, CI, and C scales on one side and S, L, and T scales on the other side. The CI scale is numbered in red. The base is held together with a sheet of metal and with clear celluloid that has red hairlines at each end. The back of this metal and celluloid backing contains a chart on white plastic. The chart provides various relationships or conversions between the C and D scales as well as fundamental trigonometric relationships.
The instrument is marked in red at the top center of the base: FREDERICK POST CO. 1447. It is marked in black at the top right: HEMMI JAPAN. The Post logo (in red) appears at the right side of the slide. The back is stamped with the date code TD, indicating the rule was manufactured in April 1969. The style of the Post logo is consistent with this date.
The Frederick Post Company of Chicago imported slide rules made by the Japanese firm of Hemmi from about 1932 to the 1970s, with a brief interruption during World War II. Post sold Model 1447 from about 1949 to about 1971.
Chemist Albert S. Matlack donated this slide rule. He recalled that it was mainly used by his laboratory technician at the Hercules Research Center in Wilmington, Del.
References: International Slide Rule Museum, "Slide Rule Dates and Time-Lines," http://sliderulemuseum.com/SR_Dates.htm; Drafting Materials for Engineering, Architecture, and Art by Post, 19th ed. (Chicago: The Frederick Post Co., 1949–1950), 68–69; Carmen Drahl, "The Guy With the Questions at NOS: Albert S. Matlack," 7 June 2011, http://cenblog.org/newscripts/2011/06/the-guy-with-the-questions-at-nos-albert-s-matlack/..
Hemmi, a Japanese slide rule firm established in 1895, became notable after it began in 1912 to apply celluloid to bamboo, resulting in rules that did not shrink or expand like wooden rules. Hemmi also made rules for export, and it became the sole supplier of linear slide rules to the Frederick W. Post Company of Chicago by 1932. Post sold model 1446 between 1931 and 1949 for $1.50. The donor reported that he purchased this example in 1936 while studying at Colgate University. This date is consistent with the company logo on the case, which was in use in the 1930s, and with the lack of reference on the instrument to "Occupied Japan," as Hemmi rules were marked from 1946 to 1950. Hemmi products were not available in the United States during World War II.
This one-sided bamboo rule is coated with white celluloid only on the front. There are A and D scales on the base. The D scale is marked at each end: Quot (/) +1; Prod (/) -1. The slide has B and C scales on one side and S, L, and T scales on the other side. The indicator is glass in a metal frame. The rule's backing is clear and silver celluloid. It contains a chart with fractions converted to decimal numbers, powers of П, relationships between scales C and D, and weights of metals.
The center top of the base is marked in red: THE FREDERICK POST CO. NO. 1446. The center bottom of the base is marked in black: "SUN" (between two drawings of the sun); HEMMI; MADE IN JAPAN. The edge of the indicator is also engraved: SUN (between two drawings of the sun) HEMMI.
The rule is stored in a rectangular black Fabrikoid case which is opened by removing the right end. This end is marked in white: POSTS (/) 1446. The back of the case is marked: MADE IN JAPAN. The rule came with a stapled leaflet of instructions, 1982.0386.03.
References: Dieter von Jezierski, Slide Rules: A Journey Through Three Centuries, trans. Rodger Shepherd (Mendham, N.J.: Astragal Press, 2000), 79–82; International Slide Rule Museum, "Slide Rule Dates and Time-Lines," http://sliderulemuseum.com/SR_Dates.htm; Posts Dependable Drawing Materials, 18th ed. (Chicago: The Frederick Post Company, 1936), 174. Price lists for this catalog dated August 1937 and May 1940 show model 1446 on pages 11–12 and 27–28, respectively.
This ten-inch bamboo rule is coated on both sides and its long outer edges with white celluloid. The rule is held together with metal posts. The glass indicator has a metal frame with bamboo and celluloid sides. The rule is marked on the base's upper right front corner: SUN (between two drawings of the sun) HEMMI JAPAN CL NO. 255.
Hemmi designed this model for electrical engineers. The front of the base has L, K, DF, D, χ, and θ scales. The front of the slide has CF, CIF, CI, and C scales. The back of the base has Sh1, Sh2, Th, A, D, LL3, LL2, and LL1 scales, with B, TI2, TI1, SI, and C scales on the back of the slide.
The rule is stored in a green rectangular fabricoid and cardboard box which is opened by removing the right end. This end is marked: SUN (between two drawings of the sun) (/) HEMMI BAMBOO (/) SLIDE RULE. There are two stars where the box joins together. Both ends of the box are heavily taped.
After 1950, Hemmi rules were stamped with codes indicating the year and month of manufacture. According to the code on this instrument (CL), it was made in December 1952. The donor reported that he purchased it in Japan in 1955.
Reference: International Slide Rule Museum, "Slide Rule Dates and Time-Lines," http://sliderulemuseum.com/SR_Dates.htm.
This one-sided, ten-inch wooden rule has a layer of yellowed white celluloid on the front side. It has unlettered A and D scales on the base and B and C scales on one side of the slide. The other side of the slide has S, L, and T scales. The indicator is glass in a metal frame. The top edge is beveled and has a 25-centimeter scale, divided to millimeters. A second scale, 26 centimeters in length, is on the front edge. Underneath the slide is a third centimeter scale, numbered from 27 to 51.
The bottom of the base is marked in gold: A. W. FABER. Tables of equivalent measures and lists of constants (in German) are printed on paper glued to the back of the instrument. The rule is in a cardboard case covered with black leather, which is in excellent condition. The case is marked: Rechenstab (/) von (/) A. W. Faber. The back of the case is signed illegibly in pencil.
A. W. Faber began manufacturing wooden slide rules in 1882 and added celluloid facings in 1887. From about 1888 to 1900, the rules were often marked not only "A. W. FABER" but "Made in Germany." The metal indicator with a glass window was introduced in 1889. Although there is no model number on this rule, in the 1910s this combination of scales and indicator was sold as model 360. See MA.304722.02 for a later version of this rule, which mentions an 1899 patent and has a digit registering indicator introduced in 1905.
Reference: Dieter von Jezierski, Slide Rules: A Journey Through Three Centuries, trans. Rodger Shepherd (Mendham, N.J.: Astragal Press, 2000), 54, 90; Trevor Catlow, "Suggestions for Dating pre-1920 Faber Castell Slide Rules," Journal of the Oughtred Society 18, no. 2 (2009): 46–53; "Time Line for A. W. Faber and Faber-Castell," http://sliderulemuseum.com/SR_Dates.htm#Faber.
This instrument consists of a plastic disc riveted to a plastic base. It is similar to a paper instrument of the same name (see 1987.0221.01).
The base, just outside the disc, has a logarithmic scale that represents readings in feet of a stadia rod used with a transit telescope. The base, just outside the disc, has a logarithmic scale that represents readings in feet of a stadia rod used with a transit telescope. The edge of the disc has two scales of functions of angles. Applying the first scale multiplies the stadia reading by 1/2 sin 2A, where A is the vertical angle of the transit telescope. This multiplication gives the difference in elevation of the transit and the stadia rod, in feet. The second scale multiplies the stadia reading by the square of cos A, to find the horizontal distance of the rod in feet.
The back of the instrument bears an advertisement for W. & L. E. Gurley, a maker of instruments in Troy, N.Y. A transit is depicted; it appears to be Gurley's Explorers [sic] precise transit. This was the smallest and lightest Gurley transit, shown in the Gurley catalogs for 1910 and 1912 (with a different image than is on this rule) and 1921 (with same image as on rule), but not the 1928 catalog. The 1921 catalog advertises the celluloid form of the Cox stadia computer and indicates that it sold for 75 cents.
A maker's mark at the bottom of the back of the computer is not legible, but the firm of Whitehead and Hoag of Newark, N.J., is known to have manufactured the instrument for Gurley in the second quarter of the 20th century.
References: W. & L. E. Gurley, Catalogue of Gurley Engineering Instruments (Troy, N.Y., 1921), 50; Florian Cajori, "A Stadia Slide-Rule," Engineering News 43 (April 5, 1900): 232; Laine Farley, "Whitehead & Hoag Celluloid Bookmarks," http://www.bibliobuffet.com/on-marking-books-columns-195/archive-index-on-marking-books/1039-whitehead-a-hoag-celluloid-bookmarks-053109.
This bamboo rule is coated on both sides and its long outer edges with white celluloid. The rule is held together with metal posts. The glass indicator has a metal frame with bamboo and celluloid sides. The rule is marked in the lower right corner of the base front: "SUN" (between two drawings of the sun) (/) HEMMI (/) MADE IN JAPAN. The scales are 25 cm (9-7/8") long.
Hemmi designed this model for electrical engineers. The front of the base has L, K, A, D, T, and Gθ scales. The front of the slide has B, CI, and C scales. The back of the base has θ, Rθ, P, LL3, LL2, and LL1 scales, with Q, Q', and C scales on the back of the slide. The P, Q, and θ scales were used for trigonometric relationships in right triangles and for hyperbolic functions. They were developed in 1929 for Hemmi rules and credited to Sadatoshi Betsumiya and Jisuke Miyazaki. These scales were not used in the West, and even Hemmi did not use these scales on all of its models.
The rule is stored in a black rectangular cardboard box which is opened by removing the right end. This end is marked in silver: "SUN" (between two drawings of the sun (/) "HEMMI" BAMBOO (/) SLIDE RULE. There are two stars where the box joins together.
Hemmi, a Japanese firm, manufactured this model of slide rule between 1933 and 1967. From 1942 through 1946, Hemmi exports to the English-speaking world were severely limited. From 1946 to 1950, Hemmi rules were marked, MADE IN OCCUPIED JAPAN. After 1950, Hemmi rules were stamped with codes indicating the year and month of manufacture. Hence, it seems likely that this rule was made between 1933 and 1942.
Dr. Robert P. Multauf, who owned this rule, was an early director of the Museum of History of Science and Technology (later the National Museum of American History). Previously, he served in the U.S. Navy in postwar Japan.
References: Brian Borchers and Noël H. Cotter, "The Sun Hemmi System of Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Scales," Journal of the Oughtred Society 9, no. 2 (2000): 28–31; Hisashi Okura, "Hyperbolic Scale Rule" (U.S. Patent 2,079,464 issued May 4, 1937).
This one-sided, ten-inch wooden slide rule has lengths of white celluloid screwed to all sides except the back. The indicator is glass with metal edges. The top edge of the base has a scale of 28 cm, divided to millimeters. The scales on the base and one side of the slide are not labeled. The top of the base has a scale divided logarithmically from 1 to 1,000 (i.e., from 1 to 10 three times) and a scale divided logarithmically from 1 to 100 (1 to 10 twice), which is repeated on the front of the slide. These are equivalent to K, A, and B scales. The second scale on the slide is divided logarithmically from 10 to 1. The third scale on the slide and the first scale on the bottom of the base are divided logarithmically from 1 to 10. These are equivalent to CI, C, and D scales. The bottom scale on the base is divided from 0.1 to 1.0 in equal parts (i.e., an L scale).
The scales on the back of the slide are lettered S, S&T, and T. Underneath the slide is a centimeter scale, marked from 30 to 56 and divided to millimeters. The instrument is marked there: Tailhade & Cia., Cangallo 445 Bs. - Aires SYSTEM REITZ No 23 R ALBERT NESTLER A.-G. LAHR i/B. D.R.G.M. D.R.PATENT Industria Alemana. The front of the instrument has a scale of equal parts labeled 1:25. Tables of constants and material properties, in Spanish, are on paper pasted to the back of the instrument. A cardboard box covered with black synthetic leather is marked: Albert Nestler A.G. (/) D.R.Patent Rietz No 23 RF (/) Industria Alemana. The box is also marked TAILHADE & Cia. (/) CANGALLO 445 (/) Bs. Aires.
The German firm of Albert Nestler established a factory in Lahr in 1878. (The "i/B" marked on the rule stands for "in Baden.") In 1902 Nestler began to offer slide rules with the arrangement of scales proposed that year by German engineer Max Rietz. These included the K and L scales, with the CI and ST (called S&T on this example) scales added about two decades later. The company held numerous German patents. Nestler first advertised model 23 with Rietz scales in 1907. The donor purchased this rule at a bookstore in Argentina around 1940, which is about the same time that Nestler stopped attaching celluloid to rules with screws.
Reference: Guus Craenen, "Albert Nestler: Innovation and Quality," Journal of the Oughtred Society 11, no. 1 (2002): 38–46; Dieter von Jezierski, Slide Rules: A Journey Through Three Centuries, trans. Rodger Shepherd (Mendham, N.J.: Astragal Press, 2000), 34, 64–68, 118; Peter M. Hopp, Slide Rules: Their History, Models, and Makers (Mendham, N.J.: Astragal Press, 1999), 96, 98.
This one-sided wooden rule is faced with white celluloid and has a plastic indicator and metal endpieces. The base has A, D, and K scales; B, CI, and C scales are on the front of the slide, and S, L, and T scales are on the back of the slide. The back of the slide is visible on the back of the rule, but the back of the base has tables of equivalents instead of scales. So, the slide must be removed from the rule, turned over, and reinserted to use the S, L, and T scales with the A, D, and K scales. (There is, though, a hairline on the back of one endpiece for using the S, L, and T scales by themselves.) The tables of equivalents indicate how the slide should be set on the front to convert various units, such as centimeters to meters. The instrument fits in a brown synthetic leather case. The front of the base is marked: SR-105D CHARVOZ-ROOS MADE IN U.S.A. The back of the base is marked: ACU (/) DESIGN (/) PAT. PENDING.
Andre Charvoz (1892–1969) and his partners began to sell rebranded slide rules as well as slide rules assembled from parts in East Rutherford, N.J., around 1939. The company was called the Charvoz-Roos Corporation from 1946 until 1953, when it went bankrupt. The scales on the celluloid layers were apparently provided by the Acu-Rule Mfg. Co. of St. Louis, Mo., which either used Acu-Design as a brand name or as a separate business that supplied scales to other manufacturers. Acu-Rule's president, Wilfred Boos, applied for a patent on this rule in 1949 and received it in 1952.
References:
"Time Line for Charvoz-Roos Slide Rules," International Slide Rule Museum, http://sliderulemuseum.com/SR_Dates.htm#
Charvoz; Wilfred J. Boos, "Slide Rule" (U.S. Patent 2,594,897 issued April 29, 1952).
This small (five-inch) one-sided slide rule is bamboo covered with white celluloid, with a clear celluloid and metal backing. A magnifying glass indicator has a metal frame. There are A and D scales on the base. The slide has B, CI, and C scales on one side and S, L, and T scales on the other side. The upper edge of the base has a four-inch ruler divided to thirty-seconds of an inch.
The back of the base is marked: THE FREDERICK POST CO. NO. 1441 (/) SUN (between two drawings of the sun) HEMMI JAPAN CF. A brown leather case is stamped on the flap: POST. Inside the case is stamped: MADE IN JAPAN and handwritten: R. FREEZE.
The instrument was made by the Hemmi Slide Rule Company of Tokyo, Japan, and sold by the Frederick Post Company of Chicago, Ill. In the 1930s and 1940s, Post sold this model for $2.70. The code CF on the slide rule indicates that this example was manufactured by Hemmi in June 1952. The donor, Richard Freeze, purchased it in Philadelphia around 1956–57, when he was a student at Drexel Institute of Technology (later Drexel University). He used it during classes in physics, mathematics, and industrial engineering. Later, he used it while working at a specialty chemical firm doing industrial engineering projects.
Compare to 1995.0087.01.
References: Accession file; Peter M. Hopp, Slide Rules: Their History, Models, and Makers (Mendham, N.J.: Astragal Press, 1999), 183–187, 211; Posts Dependable Drawing Materials, 18th ed. (Chicago: The Frederick Post Company, 1936), 173. Price lists for this catalog, dated August 1937 and May 1940, show model 1441 on pages 11–12 and 27–28, respectively.
This line of position computer, or mechanical navigator, is essentially a circular slide rule for determining one's location, either from morning or afternoon sightings for longitude or from the St. Hilaire method of finding the line of position. It has a circular black steel base, a green felt cushioning ring, an engraved brass disc, and a yellowed and warped celluloid disc. The metal and plastic arm that extends over the celluloid disc has a brass thumbscrew at the outer edge. The celluloid disc and arm can rotate together or independently.
The brass disc is calibrated logarithmically in several concentric rings: from 80 to 0 degrees by minute in both directions (altitudes, adjusted by latitude and declination), from 0 to 500 by 1 (numbers), from 100/10/1 to 600/60/6 (logarithms), from 0 to 12 hours (hour angles), from 0 to 70 degrees by 1 X 2 (declinations), from I to XII by I (hour angles), and from 0 to 180 degrees (altitudes and azimuths).
The computer is housed in a square wooden case (lock broken and handle missing) with doors that open from the top. It appears to be impossible to remove the computer from the case. Two copies of an instructional flyer are stored separately (MA.320413.1). These describe the computer as built in two sizes, for military aircraft and for battleships. It is not clear, though, whether the computer was able to place a ship close enough to its actual position (within 0.5 to 9.6 miles, according to the examples in the flyer) to be of use for military purposes around the time of World War I. The scarcity of surviving examples suggests the government and general public had little interest in the instrument. Indeed, aviators preferred inspection tables over slide rules for navigation.
The instrument is engraved near the center: LINE OF POSITION COMPUTER (/) DESIGNED BY (/) CHAS. LANE POOR (/) NEW YORK, U.S.A. (/) PATENT APPLIED FOR.
This computer was sold by the nautical instrument firm founded in 1850 by T. S. & J. D. Negus of New York City. It was invented between 1914 and 1918 (the date of his patent application) by Charles Lane Poor (1866–1951), who earned a Ph.D. under Simon Newcomb at The Johns Hopkins University in 1892. Poor taught at Johns Hopkins until 1899, when he took over his father’s print works in New Jersey. From 1903 to 1944, Poor was professor of celestial mechanics at Columbia University. He was a critic of Einstein’s theory of relativity and an avid yachtsman.
References: Charles Lane Poor, "Navigation Instrument" (U.S. Patent 1,308,748 issued July 1, 1919); Charles Lane Poor, Simplified Navigation for Ships and Aircraft (New York: The Century Co., 1918); Richard Berendzen and Richard Hart, "Poor, Charles Lane," Dictionary of Scientific Biography xi:83–84; National Cyclopaedia of American Biography xxxviii:614; Ronald van Riet, "Position Line Slide Rules: Bygrave and Höhenrechenschieber," https://sites.google.com/site/sliderulesite/position-line-slide-rules.
This circular slide rule consists of a silver-colored metal dial, 8-1/2" wide, mounted on a silver-colored metal disc. Three oblong holes on the base disc permit the reading of trigonometric scales on a white celluloid and cardboard disc that is between the metal discs. The celluloid disc is marked: COPYRIGHTED (/) L. ROSS, SAN FRANCISCO (/) PATENTS PENDING.
On the front of the instrument, the top dial is divided along the outer edge into 400 equal parts. In each quadrant of the dial, the scale is marked from 100 to 1,000, with every tenth division marked. Inside of this scale, there is a spiral scale with 25 coils divided logarithmically from 0 to 1,000, making the rule equivalent to a linear slide rule about 50 feet long. These scales are marked in purple and are worn away in several places, including around much of the edge and underneath where the indicators rest.
Affixed to the center of the disc is a brown metal linear rule, 1-1/8" wide, marked with N, M (Sum), D (Difference), and Root scales. This rule is made of three pieces, but the center no longer slides. Also affixed to the center is a yellow celluloid hairline indicator, 3/4" wide, and a second yellow celluloid indicator, 1-1/2" wide. This indicator is marked on the left side by fours from 0 to 100, labeled Quadrants, and on the right side at varying intervals from 100 to 1,000, labeled Nos. It is attached to a metal handle lined with yellow-white celluloid. The handle is also attached to a pivot at the center back of the instrument. The handle is marked: THE ROSS (/) PRECISION COMPUTER (/) Computer Mfg. Co. (/) San Francisco. The handle has reminders for setting the device for multiplication, division, and proportion, and there is a thumbscrew for making adjustments.
The instrument also came with a loose, wedge-shaped piece of yellow celluloid with a hole at one end for attaching to the center of the computer. It is marked with the names of various trigonometric functions and various angles. The round part of the instrument fits into a black leather case with two snaps, stamped both inside and outside: x THE ROSS ÷ (/) PRECISION COMPUTER (/) COMPUTER MFG. CO. (/) SAN FRANCISCO U.S.A. (/) PAT. PEND. COPYRIGHTED. An instruction manual (1996.3077.02) and a letter and advertising literature (1966.3077.03) sent to the purchaser, Roy Kegerreis of New York, were received with this instrument. The letter is dated July 31, 1918, and the manual was copyrighted in 1919.
Louis Ross of San Francisco designed three circular slide rules in the 1910s: the Precision Computer, the Meridi-o-graph, and the Rapid Computer. Advertisements and reports of surviving instruments indicate that the Precision Computer varied in appearance and size.
The Computer Manufacturing Company sold the Precision Computer for $20.00. A clamp for mounting the rule above a desk sold separately for $2.50. The company claimed its customers included the Panama Canal Commission, DuPont Powder Works, and General Electric. The company's offices were originally located on 25 California Street in San Francisco; in 1921, the factory moved from 268 Market to 340 Sansome. The Sansome address is handwritten inside the instruction manual, suggesting Kegerreis learned about the computer in 1918 but did not purchase one until 1921.
Dr. Roy Kegerreis (1886–1968) obtained his BS in Electrical Engineering from The Ohio State University in 1907, his MS in Mathematics from Harvard, and his PhD in Physics from the University of Michigan in 1917. At the time he purchased this slide rule, he apparently was living in New York City. Kegerreis went on to get an MD in 1934, and he worked for many years as a radiologist. This slide rule was given to the Smithsonian by his daughter, in his memory.
References: Accession file; Edwin J. Chamberlain, "Long-Scale Slide Rules," Journal of the Oughtred Society 8, no. 1 (1999): 24–34, "Long-Scale Slide Rules Revisited," 13, no. 1 (2004): 23–43, and "Circular Slide Rules with Very Long Scales," 17, no. 1 (2008): 52; "A Five-Place Calculating Device," Electrical World 66, no. 11 (1915): 604; "San Francisco Companies Move to New Quarters," San Francisco Business 3, no. 19 (November 11, 1921): 22; "Ross Precision Computer," NIST Museum Digital Archives, http://nistdigitalarchives.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15421coll3/id/266.
This instrument consists of a wooden base to which a flat rectangular scale printed on white celluloid is attached. The scale is divided logarithmically and arranged in 20 parallel lines. Each line is about five inches long. A wooden frame slides backward and forward over the base. Within this frame is a second frame, which has a clear celluloid window. Four index marks are drawn on the window. A loose metal wedge with a pin attached serves as a pointer, and it may be placed at any point on the window. The scales are marked: THE COOPER 100 INCH SLIDE RULE (/) PATENTED.
The feet of the base are lined with green felt. The instrument fits in a leather-covered cardboard box that is lined with white felt. A sticker inside the lid reads: WILLIAM DUBILIER (/) 72 Esplanade (/) NEW ROCHELLE, N. Y. There is also a note that reads: TELEPHONE, PARK 1081. (/) WIRELESS CALL, 5AU. (/) 94, ADDISON ROAD (/) KENSINGTON, W. 14. (/) 24/12/22 (/) To W. D. (/) With very best wishes for (/) Xmas and the New Year. (/) W.v.P.
William Dubilier (1888–1969), the donor of this instrument, was an American electrical engineer and inventor who received this instrument from a friend in Great Britain in 1922. By 1923, W. F. Stanley & Co. made this rule and stamped the outer frame with its mark. Although the rule worked well for multiplication and percentage problems, it was difficult to set the rule accurately for more complex calculations. At the relatively high price of £4, the instrument probably never sold widely. No patents for the device have been found. For the instruction manual, see MA.259739.01.
References: Werner H. Rudowski, "The Cooper 100-inch Slide Rule: An Update," Slide Rule Gazette 8 (Autumn 2007): 25–27; Peter M. Hopp, Slide Rules: Their History, Models, and Makers (Mendham, N.J.: Astragal Press, 1999), 116; "William Dubilier, Inventor, Is Dead," New York Times (July 27, 1969), 65; accession file.
This ten-inch duplex linear slide rule is made from boxwood faced with white celluloid and held together with L-shaped metal end pieces. On one side, the base has DF and D scales, with CF, CIF, and C scales on the slide. The bottom of the base is marked: KEUFFEL & ESSER CO. N. Y.; PAT. JUNE 5, '00 DEC. 22, '08. On the other side, there are K, A, D, and L scales on the base and S, T, and CI scales on the slide. Both pieces of the base and the slide are stamped on one end: 13. The indicator is glass in a metal frame with vertical bars on the sides.
Keuffel & Esser introduced this form of slide rule in 1913 as model 4088-3 and sold it with a leather case for $7.00. This style of indicator was used only from 1913 to 1915, when K&E switched to its "frameless" glass cursor. This example thus dates to 1913–1915. Compare to MA.321778, 1981.0933.03, and MA.318480.
References: Willie L. E. Keuffel, "Slide-Rule" (U.S. Patent 651,142 issued June 5, 1900) and "Slide-Rule" (U.S. Patent 907,373 issued December 22, 1908); Catalogue of Keuffel & Esser Co., 34th ed. (New York, 1913), 304a; Catalogue of Keuffel & Esser Co., 35th ed. (New York, 1915), 307b.
This large cylindrical slide rule consists of an aluminum frame supporting a horizontal rotating aluminum drum. Paper covering the drum is marked with 60 logarithmic C and D scales that are 20.5" long and run from 1,000 to 10,000. Each scale repeats part of the previous scale, so the instrument is approximately equivalent to a linear slide rule 50 feet (or 15m) long. A slotted cylindrical sleeve that is 13" long fits over the drum. It slides back and forth. The right end of the sleeve is secured in an aluminum ring. The ring and sleeve can rotate independently of each other.
The sleeve's 60 slats are marked with logarithmic scales that run from 100 to 1,000. Four small clear celluloid triangles attached to the slats serve as indicators. Black bands on either side of the drum and on the left side of the sleeve are marked with numbers from 1,000 to 9,623. The bands on the sleeve were originally covered with clear celluloid.
The side pieces of the frame are both marked: LOGA. The ends of the drum are both marked: LOGA-CALCULATOR • ZURICH. The band on the right side of the sleeve is marked: Loga - Calculator 15m Patente Daemen Schmid, Uster - Zürich.
The Swiss firm of Heinrich Daemen-Schmid manufactured approximately 30,000 cylindrical Loga-Calculators between 1900 and 1935. Daemen-Schmid patented the device in the United States in 1912. The donor, Jacques Kayalaff (1898–1983), was an international banker who used this instrument for calculations relating to currency exchange. He purchased it around 1925 for $500.
References: Accession File; Dieter von Jezierski, Slide Rules: A Journey Through Three Centuries, trans. Rodger Shepherd (Mendham, N.J.: Astragal Press, 2000), 42, 44; Heinrich Daemen-Schmid, "Computing Device" (U.S. Patent 1,036,575 issued August 27, 1912); Heinz Joss, "350 Jahre Rechenschieber, und was die Region Zürich dazu beigetragen hat (350 Years of Slide Rules, and What the Zurich Region Has Contributed)," Vierteljahreszeitschrift der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Zürich 146, no. 2–3 (2001): 75–82, http://www.rechenschieber.org/zurich.html.
This two-sided aluminum circular slide rule is coated with white celluloid enamel. The front has two interlocking yellow-green plastic arms, pivoted at the center with a metal nut and bolt with metal washers on both front and back. The back has one rotating arm. Thirteen circles of scales are on the front, including C (for multiplication, division, and proportion), CI (C inverted), A (squares), K (cubes), logarithms, a spiral log-log scale (marked from 1.0015 to 1,000,000), two binary scales for adding and subtracting fractions, a scale of drill sizes, a scale of thread sizes, and millimeters. The front is marked near the center: THE BINARY SLIDE RULE (/) MADE IN U.S.A. (/) COPYRIGHTED 1940.
Three concentric circles forming a scale of degrees, sines, and tangents are on the back. Inside this scale is a chart for decimal equivalents of fractions. The back is marked: COPYRIGHTED (/) 1931 (/) GILSON SLIDE RULE CO. (/) STUART, FLA. The sets of scales are almost the same as those on 1998.0119.01 and 1989.0032.01, which are both Gilson Midget circular slide rules, but the scale of thread sizes is in United States Form instead of United States Standard. Because it does not have alternating yellow and white stripes, this rule is unusual for a Gilson Binary slide rule. There is a case for this rule.
This ten-inch mahogany linear slide rule is coated with white celluloid on the front and both sides of the slide. The base has A and D scales. The slide has B and C scales on one side and S, L, and T scales on the other. A paper table of equivalents and slide rule settings, based on U. S. Bureau of Standards Circular No. 47, is pasted to the back of the rule. See also 2001.0117.01. According to Eric Marcotte, this circular was in force from 1914 to 1936. Keuffel & Esser included it on slide rules from the 1920s to the 1950s.
The indicator is glass with a plastic frame, of the style used by Keuffel & Esser between 1915 and 1937, based on the patent indicated by the mark on the top edge of the frame: K&E.CO.N.Y. (/) PAT.8.17.15. The top of the base is marked in red: PAT. JUNE 5, 1900; KEUFFEL & ESSER CO. N.Y.; MADE IN U.S.A. For more on this patent, see MA.322761. Four expressions have been scratched into the front of the slide: x = A + B; ÷ = A – B; x – 1; ÷ + 1. The model number is printed at the right end in red: < 4055 >. The left end of the back of the slide and the front left corner of the base are marked with a serial number: 190673.
The rule is in a cardboard case covered with black morocco leather and heavily taped. It is marked: KEUFFEL & ESSER (/) FAVORITE (/) SLIDE RULE (/) 4055. It is also marked on the tape near one end: E. HELLER (/) ΣΦΕ. On the other side of that end, it is marked on the tape: PROPERTY OF (/) PETER (/) HELLER. K&E sold model 4055 from 1927 to 1943; the serial number suggests a date closer to 1927, when the instrument sold for $4.00. One owner of this slide rule was the mechanical engineer Edward Lincoln Heller (1912–2007), who received a BSfrom Lehigh University in 1934 and an MBA from Harvard University in 1939. It seems likely that he used the slide rule as a college student.
References: Willie L. E. Keuffel, "Slide-Rule" (U.S. Patent 651,142 issued June 5, 1900); Willie L. E. Keuffel, "Slide-Rule Runner" (U.S. Patent 1,150,771 issued August 17, 1915); Eric Marcotte, "The Evolution of a Slide Rule – The K&E 4053-3," http://www.sliderule.ca/4053.htm; Clark McCoy, "Collection of Pages from K&E Catalogs for the 4055 Family," http://www.mccoys-kecatalogs.com/KEModels/ke4055family.htm; Ed Chamberlain, "Estimating K&E Slide Rule Dates," 27 December 2000, http://www.sphere.bc.ca/test/ke/320-k+e_date2.jpg; "Heller, Edward L.," American Men and Women of Science, 12th ed. (New York: J. Cattell Press, 1972), 2620.
This ten-inch mahogany duplex slide rule is coated all around with white celluloid and held together with L-shaped metal end pieces. The front of the base has LL0, A, T, S2, and S1 scales, with B, K, and CI scales on the slide. The LL0 scale is a log log scale of decimal quantities. The A and B scales are identical, divided logarithmically from 1 to 10 twice in the length of the scale in the usual manner. The K scale is also divided logarithmically, but three times in the length of the scale, for use in finding cubes and cube roots. The CI scale is divided logarithmically from 1 to 10 the length of the scale, going in the opposite direction from the A and K scales. The T scale is a scale of tangents and cotangents, doubly numbered with angles given in degrees and minutes. The S1 and S2 scales are scales of sines and cosines, doubly numbered. The top of the base is marked in red: KEUFFEL & ESSER CO.N.Y.; PAT. APRIL 1.'24 OTHER PAT. PENDING; MADE IN U.S.A. The left end of the slide and the front of the rule are marked with a serial number: 448333.
The back of the base has L, LL1, DF, D, LL3, and LL2 scales, with CF, CIF, and C scales on the slide. The right end of the slide is marked in red: < 4090-3 >. A glass indicator has white plastic edges held together with metal screws. One edge is marked: KEUFFEL & ESSER CO.N.Y. The other is marked: PATENTED AUG.17.15. (/) OTHER PAT. PENDING.
Keuffel & Esser advertised model 4090-3 from 1933 to 1936. However, the combination of scales on this example was only issued in 1933, when the rule sold for $10.00. The serial number is consistent with this date. In 1937, model 4090-3 was replaced by model 4080-3.
References: Adolf W. Keuffel, "Log Log Duplex Slide Rule" (U.S. Patent 1,488,686 issued April 1, 1924); K&E Slide Rules and Calculating Instruments (New York, 1933), 10–11; Catalogue of Keuffel & Esser Co., 38th ed. (New York, 1936), 316–317; Dieter von Jezierski, Slide Rules: A Journey Through Three Centuries, trans. Rodger Shepherd (Mendham, N.J.: Astragal Press, 2000), 71–75; Clark McCoy, ed., "Collection of Pages from K&E Catalogs for the 4090-3 & 4091-3 Family of Slide Rules," http://www.mccoys-kecatalogs.com/KEModels/ke4091-3family.htm.
This ten-inch duplex mahogany slide rule is coated with white celluloid on the front and back; the edges are bare. Unlike earlier slide rules from the Keuffel & Esser Company, such as MA.318477, the end pieces are silver-colored metal (not brass) and the indented edges of the end pieces face in instead of out. The indicator is glass in a brass frame, which was called the "clam shell" style.
The scales are labeled. On both sides, the top of the base has an A scale and the bottom of the base has a D scale. The slide has B and C scales on one side and BI and CI scales on the other side. On one side, the bottom of the base is marked: KEUFFEL & ESSER Co.N.Y. It is also marked there: B.S.5470. On the other side, the bottom of the base is marked in red: PAT. OCT. 6. 1891. The bottom edge of the indicator is engraved: KEUFFEL & ESSER CO (/) NEW–YORK.
The instrument fits in a cardboard box covered with black morocco leather. The large part of the box is embossed: KEUFFEL & ESSER Co. (/) DUPLEX (/) SLIDE RULE. The U.S. National Bureau of Standards (now the National Institute of Standards and Technology) transferred this instrument to the Smithsonian in 1965 as excess property.
K&E sold this instrument as model 4071 from 1901 to 1917. By this time, K&E was manufacturing slide rules from start to finish at its factory in Hoboken, N.J. In 1913, the shape of the end pieces was changed to an "L," as with MA.318475. That instrument also has patent dates of 1900 and 1908 on it, suggesting that this slide rule dates from 1908 or earlier. The 1909 catalog describes the 1908 patent as "pending." Model 4071 initially sold for $8.00 and was reduced to $7.00 in 1906 and to $5.00 in 1909.
References: William Cox, "Engineer's Slide-Rule" (U.S. Patent 460,930 issued October 6, 1891); Clark McCoy, "Collection of Pages from K&E Catalogs for the Early 4071 Family of Slide Rules," http://www.mccoys-kecatalogs.com/KEModels/ke4071oldfamily.htm; Catalogue of Keuffel & Esser Co., 30th ed. (New York, 1900–1901), 296; Catalogue of Keuffel & Esser Co., 31st ed. (New York, 1903), 306; Catalogue of Keuffel & Esser Co., 32th ed. (New York, 1906), 325; Catalogue of Keuffel & Esser Co., 33rd ed. (New York, 1909), 312; Catalogue of Keuffel & Esser Co., 34th ed. (New York, 1913), 303.
This eight-inch wooden Mannheim linear slide rule is coated with white celluloid and has a brass indicator in the single chisel style. It has no endpieces. The top edge is beveled and has a scale of 20 centimeters, divided to millimeters. A 20-centimeter scale, divided to millimeters, is on the front edge. A third 20-centimeter scale under the slide is numbered from 22 to 41.
The top of the base has a scale divided logarithmically from 1 to 10 twice. The bottom of the base has a scale divided logarithmically from 1 to 10. These are the usual A and D scales, although they are not lettered. One side of the slide has the same two scales (the usual B and C scales, although they are not lettered). The other side of the slide has a scale of tangents that runs from 0 to 45 degrees and is lettered T; a scale of equal parts that runs from 0 to 10 and divides every two centimeters into 50 increments; and a scale of sines that runs from 70 to 0 and is lettered S. Compare to MA.318474. There is a place on the back of the instrument for a table of physical constants, but there is no table.
The top of the base is marked: TAVERNIER-GRAVET. The bottom of the base is marked: RUE MAYET 19.PARIS. It is also marked there: KEUFFEL & ESSER Co NEW-YORK & CHICAGO. The back is marked: MÉDAILLES D'OR 1878 ET 1889.
The British engineer's rule was brought to France by Edme-François Jomard in 1815, and by around 1820 Paul-Etienne Lenoir was manufacturing them in Paris. Lenoir's firm was succeeded by Gravet-Lenoir and later Tavernier-Gravet. From about 1851, Tavernier-Gravet manufactured a slide rule on the design of Amédéé Mannheim; this is such a slide rule. It was made after Tavernier-Gravet was awarded gold medals at world's fairs held in Paris in 1878 and 1889.
Before Keuffel & Esser manufactured its own rules around the turn of the 20th century, the company sold slide rules from Tavernier-Gravet and from Dennert & Pape of Germany. (Additional company history is provided with MA.318477, MA.318478, and MA.326613.) Although the scales and indicator resemble the ten-inch model 479–2 (subsequently numbered 1746N and 1746), a rule of this length (scales about 8" long) is not listed in K&E catalogs. The ten-inch version with brass indicator cost $4.50 between 1883 and 1890. In 1892 the single-chisel indicator was replaced with a double-chisel indicator.
References: Florian Cajori, A History of the Logarithmic Slide Rule and Allied Instruments (New York: Engineering News Publishing Company, 1909), 55–58, 80–81; M. Jomard, "The Slide Rule in France—1815," trans. Francis Wells, Journal of the Oughtred Society 8, no. 2 (1999): 11–16; Catalogue of Keuffel & Esser, 17th ed. (New York, 1883), 93; Catalogue of Keuffel & Esser, 20th ed. (New York, 1887), 129; Catalogue of Keuffel & Esser, (New York, 1890), 131.