Computers & Business Machines

Imagine the loss, 100 years from now, if museums hadn't begun preserving the artifacts of the computer age. The last few decades offer proof positive of why museums must collect continuously—to document technological and social transformations already underway.
The museum's collections contain mainframes, minicomputers, microcomputers, and handheld devices. Computers range from the pioneering ENIAC to microcomputers like the Altair and the Apple I. A Cray2 supercomputer is part of the collections, along with one of the towers of IBM's Deep Blue, the computer that defeated reigning champion Garry Kasparov in a chess match in 1997. Computer components and peripherals, games, software, manuals, and other documents are part of the collections. Some of the instruments of business include adding machines, calculators, typewriters, dictating machines, fax machines, cash registers, and photocopiers


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Texas Instruments TI-81 Handheld Electronic Calculator
- Description
- This is an example of the first graphing calculator sold by Texas Instruments. The TI-81 was introduced in 1990. The handheld electronic calculator has a blue plastic case with a sliding cover that can also serve as a stand. It has an array of forty-one rectangular plastic keys, many of which can take on three meanings. These include a wide number of arithmetic, trigonometric, statistical, and algebraic functions. Letters of the alphabet also can be represented. The calculator also has four arrow keys, plus a row of five keys immediately under the display that relate to graphing. In addition to performing a wide range of calculations, the calculator could display eight lines of text sixteen characters long or graph up to four functions simultaneously. A mark above the display reads: TEXAS INSTRUMENTS TI-81.
- The back of the calculator has a compartment at the bottom that holds four AAA batteries as well as a small CR1616 or CR1620 battery. A mark scratched next to the battery compartment reads: R. The device has no serial number, but has a sticker at the top of the back that reads: Reconditioned. A sticker on the battery compartment cover reads: #30. Text on the back of the calculator indicates that the design was copyrighted in 1991. Text below this reads: MADE IN TAIWAN R.O.C.
- According to the online Datamath Museum, the first examples of the TI-81 did not include the small battery.
- This TI-81 was used in teaching mathematics at Amherst College in Amherst, Massachusetts.
- References:
- [Advertisement], Los Angeles Times, October 15, 1990, p. C16. New TI-81 calculator selling for $99.99. List price $129.95.
- [Advertisement]. Washington Post, August 24, 1993, p. C10. TI-81 calculator, regularly $110.00, on sale for $69.99.
- [Advertisement]. Washington Post, August 7, 1994, p. AE19. TI-81 calculator, list price of $115.00, on sale for $69.99.
- [Advertisement]. Washington Post, September 4, 1994, p. F8. TI-81 calculator, regularly $115.00, on sale for $69.98.
- Kidwell, P.A., A. Ackerberg-Hastings, and D. L. Roberts, Tools of American Mathematics Teaching, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008, p. 309.
- Online Datamath Museum, accessed June 12, 2015.
- Texas Instruments, TI-81 Guidebook. A 1992 edition is online. Accessed June 12, 2015.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- date made
- ca 1991
- maker
- Texas Instruments
- ID Number
- 1999.0285.01
- accession number
- 1999.0285
- catalog number
- 1999.0285.01
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
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Texas Instruments TI-89 Handheld Electronic Calculator
- Description
- This symbolic graphing calculator, sold by Texas Instruments, was introduced in 1998 as a compact version of the TI-92. The handheld electronic calculator has a black plastic case with a sliding cover that can also serve as a stand. It has an array of forty-one rectangular plastic keys, many of which can take on three meanings. These include a wide number of arithmetic, trigonometric, statistical, algebraic, and analytic functions. Letters of the alphabet also can be represented. The calculator also has four arrow keys, plus a row of five keys immediately under the display that relate to graphing, tables, and preprogrammed functions. In addition to performing a wide range of calculations, the calculator could display eight lines of text sixteen characters long or graph ten rectangular or six parametric or polar functions simultaneously. It also could list tables and calculate derivatives and integrals of functions.
- A mark above the display reads: TEXAS INSTRUMENTS TI-89. A cable (not present in this example) allowed sharing data with other instruments.
- The back of the calculator has a compartment at the bottom that holds four AAA batteries as well as a small CR1616 or CR1620 backup battery. A mark above the battery compartment reads in part: TEXAS (/) INSTRUMENTS. It also reads: 14016297 I-0599B (/) MADE IN TAIWAN R.O.C. Further text on the back of the calculator indicates that the design was copyrighted in 1997.
- This TI-89 was owned by Harvard University mathematician Andrew Gleason.
- References:
- Accession file.
- [Advertisement], New York Times, August 29, 1999, p. AR34. TI-89 selling for $149.99.
- Online Datamath Museum, accessed June 15, 2015.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- date made
- 1999
- maker
- Texas Instruments
- ID Number
- 2012.0063.04
- accession number
- 2012.0063
- catalog number
- 2012.0063.04
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
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Texas Instruments TI-82 Handheld Electronic Calculator
- Description
- This is an example of an early graphing calculator sold by Texas Instruments. The TI-82 was introduced in 1993, as an improvement on the TI-81. The handheld electronic calculator has a gray plastic case with a sliding cover that can also serve as a stand. It has an array of forty-one rectangular plastic keys, many of which can take on three meanings. These include a wide number of arithmetic, trigonometric, statistical, algebraic, and analytic functions. Letters of the alphabet also can be represented. The calculator also has four arrow keys, plus a row of five keys immediately under the display that relate to graphing. Four of these also can take on two meanings. In addition to performing a wide range of calculations, the calculator could display eight lines of text sixteen characters long or graph ten rectangular or six parametric or polar functions simultaneously. It also could list tables and calculate derivatives and integrals of functions.
- A mark above the display reads: TEXAS INSTRUMENTS TI-82. A cable (not present in this example) allowed sharing data with another TI-82.
- The back of the calculator has a compartment at the bottom that holds four AAA batteries as well as a small CR1616 or CR1620 battery (the compartment cover is missing on this example). A mark above the battery compartment reads in part: TEXAS (/) INSTRUMENTS (/) 30009182 I-0495Q (/) MADE IN TAIWAN R.O.C. Further text on the back of the calculator indicates that the design was copyrighted in 1991.
- This TI-82 was used by mathematician Florence Fasanelli in workshops for teachers and in classes.
- References:
- Accession file.
- [Advertisement]. Washington Post, August 7, 1994, p. AE19. TI-82 calculator, list price of $125.00, on sale for $99.99.
- [Advertisement]. Washington Post, September 6, 1995, p. A26. TI-82 calculator, list price of $125.00, on sale for $79.99.
- [Advertisement]. Washington Post, August 17, 1997, p. N6. TI-82 calculator, list price of $125.00, on sale for $79.99.
- [Advertisement]. Washington Post, August 23, 1998, p. AE11. TI-82 calculator $79.99 after $10 price break.
- Online Datamath Museum, accessed June 15, 2015.
- Texas Instruments, TI-82 Graphing Calculator Guidebook, 1993, 2000, 2001. Accessed online June 15, 2015.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- date made
- 1995
- maker
- Texas Instruments
- ID Number
- 2014.0101.01
- accession number
- 2014.0101
- catalog number
- 2014.0101.01
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
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Philips Velo 1
- Description
- The Velo 1, made by Philips in 1997, is a personal digital assistant weighing less than a pound. The owner could use popular Microsoft programs, send faxes, surf the Web, record voice memos, and much more. It used a stylus instead of a mouse to navigate the screens. Files, e-mails, and other data could be synchronized between the Velo 1 and a desktop computer using a docking station and ActiveSync software.
- This handheld device shipped with Microsoft’s Windows CE version 1 operating system. Bundled with the operating system were Microsoft’s “Pocket” versions of Word, Excel, Outlook, PowerPoint, and Internet Explorer. Other applications included calculator, voice memo recording, world clock, bFAX Pro, PC Link, Remote Networking, and Solitaire.
- The overall case is dark gray. Printed in the lower right corner of the cover is the name “Philips”. The left side of the cover is a silver- colored insert with “VELO1 4MB” printed on it. (The 4MB refers to the amount of RAM.) The front edge of the device has three indicator lights (recharging, serial connection, alarm). The top edge has the spring-loaded open button on the right and the omnidirectional microphone on the left. Inside is a standard 61-key QWERTY keyboard (the ten numeric keys are preprogrammed to access the primary applications when used with the alt key). To the upper left of the keyboard is the power button, and to the upper right is the slot for storing the stylus. The LCD screen displays 480x240 pixels in grayscale. To the left of the screen is a flip door for the RJ-11 phone jack, to the upper right, the backlight button. The serial connector for the docking station, DC power adapter jack, and infared port are located on the left edge of the keyboard. The contrast dial is located on the right edge of the screen. The back houses the main battery compartment (secured with a spring-loaded slide button), backup battery compartment (secured with a miniature Phillips screw), RAM card slot (secured with a miniature Phillips screw), a flip-door covering the Type II PC Card V connector, and the Flash/ROM slot (secured with a spring-loaded slide button). The power sources for this device are a NiMH battery pack (rated to last 8-10 hours), or two AA batteries (rated to last 8-12 hours), or AC power.
- The objects in accession 2016.0361 and non-accession 2016.3194 are related.
- date made
- 1997
- designer
- Philips
- maker
- Philips
- ID Number
- 2016.0361.01
- accession number
- 2016.0361
- catalog number
- 2016.0361.01
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
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Texas Instruments TI-92 Handheld Electronic Calculator
- Description
- This programmable, handheld, symbolic graphing electronic calculator has a black plastic case and cover. An alphabetic (qwerty) keyboard is on the bottom left, and a numeric keyboard like that of an ordinary electronic calculator is on the right. The display is above the alphabetic keyboard and function keys are on both sides of it. These function keys operate a toolbar on the screen that brings up pull-down menus on the screen. For example, pushing the F2 function key brings up such “algebra” commands as solve, factor, expand, zeroes, approximation, common denominator, proper fraction, trigonometry, complex, and extract. It is possible to split the display, showing, for example, functions on one side and their graphs on the other.
- There is a connection for a cord, but no cord.
- A mark on the back reads: TEXAS (/) INSTRUMENTS (/) V0116515 I-0995 (/) MADE IN TAIWAN R.O.C. Moving a lever on the top edge makes it possible to change the four AA batteries. There is also a backup battery of style CR2032.
- The TI-92 incorporated the symbolic algebra software DERIVE and the geometry package CABRI.
- This TI-92 was owned by Harvard University mathematician Andrew Gleason.
- References:
- “What’s in a Name?,” Washington Post, July 10, 1995, p. 17. New TI-92 at the border between a calculator and a computer. Will sell for about $200. “The slide rule looks more ancient than ever.”
- [Advertisement], New York Times, July 25, 1996, p. A19. TI-92 selling for $179.99.
- [Advertisement], Washington Post, August 30, 1998, p. AH6. TI-92 selling for $199.99.
- John Berry, “TEXAS TI-92, the Calculator with Symbolic Algebra and Cabri,” Mathematics in School, 25 #1, January 1996, pp. 44–47.
- Sally Fischbeck, “TI-92 Graphing Calculator,” College Mathematics Journal, 27 #3, May, 1996, pp. 224–230. This article gives a recommended retail price for the calculator of $250.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- date made
- 1995
- maker
- Texas Instruments
- ID Number
- 2012.0063.05
- accession number
- 2012.0063
- catalog number
- 2012.0063.05
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
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Sharp EL-6190 Memo Master Alarm 500, Personal Digital Assistant
- Location
- Currently not on view
- date made
- ca 1990
- maker
- Sharp Corporation
- ID Number
- 2012.0063.06
- catalog number
- 2012.0063.06
- accession number
- 2012.0063
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History