Energy & Power
The Museum's collections on energy and power illuminate the role of fire, steam, wind, water, electricity, and the atom in the nation's history. The artifacts include wood-burning stoves, water turbines, and windmills, as well as steam, gas, and diesel engines. Oil-exploration and coal-mining equipment form part of these collections, along with a computer that controlled a power plant and even bubble chambers—a tool of physicists to study protons, electrons, and other charged particles.
A special strength of the collections lies in objects related to the history of electrical power, including generators, batteries, cables, transformers, and early photovoltaic cells. A group of Thomas Edison's earliest light bulbs are a precious treasure. Hundreds of other objects represent the innumerable uses of electricity, from streetlights and railway signals to microwave ovens and satellite equipment.
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Frederick Everhart McKinley's 1881 School Desk and Seat Patent Model
- Description
- Frederick Everhart McKinley from Wellington, Kansas, received a U.S. patent for an improved school desk. Patent no. 246177 was issued on August 23, 1881.
- This desk is supported by a stationary bar that allows the desk to pivot. Both desk and seat can fold up to save space when room is needed. The desk has a shelf, which is supported by two wooden brackets. The seat folds with the use of metal hinges. The desk is made up of unpolished slats of light colored wood.
- Frederick Everhart McKinley was a carpenter born in 1850.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- date made
- 1881
- patent date
- 1881-08-23
- associated date
- 1876
- patentee
- McKinley, Frederick E.
- transfer
- U.S. Patent and Trademark Office
- inventor
- McKinley, Frederick E.
- ID Number
- CL.249602.583
- catalog number
- 249602.583
- accession number
- 249602
- patent number
- 246,177
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
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Thomas Hart Benton Turner and Horace A. Logan's 1880 School Desk and Seat Patent Model
- Description
- Thomas Hart Benton Turner and Horace Archy Logan from Clinton, Missouri, received a U.S. patent for an improved school desk. Patent no. 231509 was issued on August 24, 1880.
- The dark wooden model is currently broken in four pieces and in poor condition.
- We are not aware of any additional information about the inventor/patentee.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- date made
- 1880
- patent date
- 1880-08-24
- associated date
- 1869
- patentee
- Turner, Thomas H. B.
- Logan, Horace Archy
- transfer
- U.S. Patent and Trademark Office
- inventor
- Turner, Thomas H. B.
- Logan, Horace Archy
- ID Number
- CL.249602.585
- catalog number
- 249602.585
- accession number
- 249602
- patent number
- 231,509
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
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John Mott's 1881 School Desk and Seat Patent Model
- Description
- John M. Mott from Chicago, Illinois, received a U.S. patent for an improved school desk. Patent no. 245087 was issued on August 2, 1881.
- This model is made of tubular wrought iron or angle iron. It has a folding seat and folding desktop. The wood slats are pushed together to create horizontal grooves in the chair. The chair alternates between light and dark wood that is polished. It has metal legs that flare out with feet. The desk connects to the back of the backrest of the chair. There are a silver plated logo, keyhole, and an inkwell impression on the desk. There is a small gap in between the seat and backrest.
- We are not aware of any additional information about the inventor/patentee.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- date made
- 1881
- patent date
- 1881-08-02
- patentee
- Mott, John M.
- transfer
- U.S. Patent and Trademark Office
- inventor
- Mott, John M.
- ID Number
- CL.65.0412
- catalog number
- 65.0412
- accession number
- 249602
- patent number
- 245,087
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
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Samuel Crumrine's 1876 School Desk and Seat Patent Model
- Description
- Samuel Crumrine from Indianapolis, Indiana, received a U.S. patent for an improved school desk. Patent no. 173272 was issued on February 8, 1876.
- This model is wooden with alternating dark and light slats for the bench. The desk does not use any screws or nails in its construction, nor does it have any metal parts. This makes the desk cheap, strong, and durable. However, the desk is meant to be fastened to the floor with the use of L-shaped pieces of iron. The desk is attached to the backrest and has wooden stilts underneath the desktop to prop it up or fold down.
- Samuel Crumrine was registered as a carpenter in 1880.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- date made
- 1876
- patent date
- 1876-02-08
- associated date
- 1880
- patentee
- Crumrine, Samuel
- transfer
- U.S. Patent and Trademark Office
- inventor
- Crumrine, Samuel
- ID Number
- CL.249602.580
- catalog number
- 249602.580
- accession number
- 249602
- patent number
- 173,272
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
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Tricycle, Patent Model
- Description
- Francis Fowler of New Haven, Connecticut, submitted this model with his patent for a tricycle equipped with a ratchet connection in the hub of each driving wheel. The patent was issued patent number 224,165 on February 3, 1880. The allowed the outer of the two driving wheels to rotate freely on the crankshaft when the machine was making a sharp turn, thus d the function of a modern automobile differential unit. This model of the Fowler tricycle was transferred from the U.S. Patent Office to the Smithsonian in 1926. It is not known that this tricycle was ever manufactured.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- date made
- 1880
- patent date
- 1880-02-03
- patentee
- Fowler, Francis
- inventor
- Fowler, Francis
- ID Number
- TR.309257
- catalog number
- 309257
- accession number
- 89797
- patent number
- 224,165
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
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Fleam
- Description
- Patent model for Herman Reinhold and August Schreiber, “Fleam,” U.S. Patent 236,034 (Dec. 28, 1880). Reinhold and Schreiber lived in Davenport, Iowa.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- associated dates
- 1880 12 28 / 1880 12 28
- 1880 12 28 / 1880 12 28
- ID Number
- MG.M-04327
- accession number
- 89797
- catalog number
- M-04327
- patent number
- 236,084
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
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Log and Rotor, Patent Model
- Description
- This mechanical log measures a vessel's speed moving though water. The four-bladed rotator is towed astern. As it spins, the rotations of the towing line are registered by a wheel works and dial mounted to the vessel's rail. Older mechanical logs had placed the counting mechanism next to the rotator, requiring the log to be hauled in for reading. In the 1860s American and then English makers began placing the dial in a separate housing on the ship's rail, which allowed readings while the log was in use. Thomas Walker's firm in Birmingham, England, was a leading maker of logs, and he submitted this example, with its special rope connector and numerous internal improvements, to the U.S. Patent Office in 1877.
- Speed is an important factor in accurate navigation, and, since the sixteenth century, sailors had determined a vessel's speed using a log. This device was basically a rope with knots tied at intervals along its length. With a board attached to one end to create drag, the log-line would be heaved overboard and allowed to run out for a short period of time. The number of knots counted off indicated the speed. (The unit of speed at sea is therefore the knot, one knot being equal to one nautical mile per hour). Logs were susceptible to a variety of errors, so instrument makers developed mechanical logs to improve the recording of speed and distance.
- Thomas Walker (1805-73) was a nephew of Edward Massey, the London nautical instrument maker whose patent mechanical logs enjoyed wide use in the nineteenth century. Walker's firm and Massey's merged at the end of the century. The Walker log seen here was patented in the United Kingdom (British patent no. 4,369, Oct. 30, 1878) before it received similar protection in the United States.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- Date made
- 1881
- patent date
- 1881-02-22
- patentee
- Walker, Thomas F.
- ID Number
- TR.308558
- catalog number
- 308558
- accession number
- 89797
- patent number
- 238187
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
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Patent Model for Simplex Slide Rule Clasp Invented by Rudolph C. Smith
- Description
- This ten-inch, linear one-sided slide rule has scales on the base labeled 3 and 2. On one side of the slide, scales are labeled 4 and 1. On the other side are scales labeled S and T and a scale of equal parts, which divides each inch into 50 increments. The 4, 1, and 2 scales are identical, divided logarithmically from 1 to 10 twice (like the A and B scales on a Mannheim slide rule). The 3 scale is graduated logarithmically once from 1 to 10 (like the C and D scales on a Mannheim rule, although the numbers on this scale are marked with superscript 2s; i.e. 22).
- Under the slide is a scale of centimeters numbered from 27 to 51 and divided to millimeters. The upper edge of the instrument is beveled and has a scale of inches divided to 32nds of an inch. The front edge has a scale of centimeters numbered from 1 to 25 and divided to millimeters.
- There is also a brass clasp (detached at present) that holds three paper strips underneath the instrument, so that they may be pulled or fanned out for reference. Smith submitted this model when he patented this clasp in 1887. The strips contain 39 sets of formulas and conversion factors useful to civil engineers, including the weight and strength of materials and the power of engines and pumps. Smith copyrighted these strips in 1884 and 1886. See also his pamphlet, Smith's Slide Rule Formulæ ([New York, 1884]).
- Rudolph Charles Smith of Yonkers, N.Y., received more than twenty patents for elevator components and slide rules from the 1880s to 1912. He apparently worked for Otis Brothers & Co., since many of the patents were assigned to that firm or to National Company of Illinois, which merged with Otis Brothers and other firms in 1898 to form the Otis Elevator Company. Elisha Otis started the company in 1853 as Union Elevator Works to sell his safety elevator. His sons, Norton and Charles, adopted the Otis Brothers name in 1864.
- According to an order form dated January 1889 held by the Smithsonian Institution Libraries, Smith's Patent Calculator sold in four forms. One had attached slips with formulae of interest to civil engineers, a second had formulae for marine engineers, a third had formulae for mechanical engineers, and a fourth was intended for "assayers, chemists, scientists, students." The instrument cost 50 cents with one set of attachments or 75 cents with all four sets. This example appears to be the instrument for civil engineers. An unsigned review of Florian Cajori's 1909 history of the slide rule criticized Cajori for ignoring Smith's contributions to popularizing the slide rule and educating Americans in its use.
- References: Rudolph C. Smith, "Attachment for Calculating Scales" (U.S. Patent 357,346 issued February 8, 1887), "Slide-Rule for Logarithmic Calcuations" (U.S. Patent 450,640 issued April 21, 1891), "Calculating-Scale" (U.S. Patent 592,067 issued October 19, 1897), "Calculating-Scale" (U.S. Patent 746,888 issued December 15, 1903), "Calculating-Scale" (U.S. Patent 1,014,344 issued January 9, 1912); Annual Report of the Commissioner of Patents for the Year 1891 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1892), 339; Practical Applications of Smith's Electro-Calculator (New York, 1894); R. C. Smith, The International Book of Shorthand Computation ([New York, 1900]); "Elevator Trust Sued," New York Times, March 8, 1906; review of A History of the Logarithmic Slide Rule and Allied Instruments by Florian Cajori, Mines and Minerals 30, no. 12 (July 1910): 740.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- date made
- 1887
- maker
- Smith, Rudolph C.
- ID Number
- MA.308973
- catalog number
- 308973
- accession number
- 89797
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
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Washing Machine Patent Model
- Location
- Currently not on view
- patent date
- 1882-05-09
- ID Number
- 1977.0977.006
- accession number
- 1977.0977
- catalog number
- 1977.0977.006
- patent number
- 257774
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
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Frank G. Johnson's 1881 School Desk and Seat Patent Model
- Description
- Frank G. Johnson from Brooklyn, New York, received a U.S. patent for an improved school desk. Patent no. 248043 was issued on October 11, 1881.
- This model features a foldable desk and seat. The desk can be placed in five different positions, including an easel or book rest. The chair is curved for body support and possible comfort. The backrest and seat do not meet, showing a small gap. The seat folds up to create more space. Metal legs are set on a wooden foundation. It has metal hinges and detailed iron Gothic sculpting.
- We are not aware of any additional information about the inventor/patentee.
- Location
- Currently on loan
- date made
- 1881
- patent date
- 1881-10-11
- patentee
- Johnson, Frank G.
- transfer
- U.S. Patent and Trademark Office
- inventor
- Johnson, Frank G.
- ID Number
- CL.65.0413
- accession number
- 249602
- catalog number
- 65.0413
- patent number
- 248,043
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
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Official League Ball adopted by the National League
- Description
- Spalding brand baseball, marked "Official League Ball - Adopted by the National League." It was patented Feb 27, 1883 (U.S. Patent 272984). The National League formed in 1876 and the American League, formed in 1901, compromise modern Major League Baseball.
- Benjamin F. Shibe (1838-1922), of Philadelphia, received the patent for his improvement in the manufacture of baseballs. Shibe was an American sporting goods and baseball executive and part owner of the Philadelphia Athletics from 1901 to 1922.
- date made
- ca 1883
- maker
- Spalding
- ID Number
- 1979.1152.01
- catalog number
- 1979.1152.01
- accession number
- 1979.1152
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
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Holley’s Patent Model of a Steam-Boiler Furnace – 1880
- Description
- This model was filed with the application to the U.S. Patent Office for Patent Number 238,235 issued to Alexander Lyman Holley of Brooklyn, NY on March 1, 1881. Holley’s patent was for an improved gas-fueled steam-boiler for use in a furnace. Mr. Holley noted that past objections to the use of gas for fuel dealt with poor combustion of the gas due to incomplete mixing with combustion air. His invention related to a new way to mix the air and gas more completely prior to introduction into the combustion chamber. He provided for separate entry flues for the gas and air. These ran beneath the floor of the combustion chamber. Slots were cut into the floor perpendicular to the flues. Alternate slots were connected to either the gas flue or air flue. In his patent application drawing, he showed five slots – two for gas and three for air. He conceived that the pressure feeding the air and gas would create jets through the slots into the combustion chamber where mixture would occur and combustion take place. To facilitate this, he included a curved diaphragm as the top of the combustion chamber. The combustion gases would then be carried upwards through tubes in the boiler and thence to the exhaust. Research of available trade literature and other sources has not revealed any commercial product that may have made use of Mr. Holley’s invention. Mr. Holley was an engineer of great reputation in the steel making industry and was a founding member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
- The patent model is constructed of wood and sheet metal. The boiler is sheet metal painted black. The wooden frame of the model is painted red with black lines to give it the appearance of being made of brick. The model conforms to the patent drawings and represents the major elements of the patent. The air and gas inlet pipes and flues are present. The burner is made of wood and has slots cut into it to represent the alternating gas air and gas ports. The model has a tag that includes the date (January 24, 1880) of the patent application.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- date made
- ca 1880
- patent date
- 1881-03-01
- inventor
- Holley, Alexander L.
- ID Number
- MC.336506
- catalog number
- 336506
- accession number
- 1978.0318
- patent number
- 29,007
- 238,235
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
-
1882 - Daniel Mills, Buttonhole Sewing Machine Patent Model
- Description
- Daniel Mills, of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Patent model for a machine to sew buttonholes. Patent No. 265,850 Issued October 10 1882. Buttonhole Sewing Machine.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- date made
- before 1882-10-10
- inventor
- Mills, Daniel
- ID Number
- TE.T06598
- patent number
- 265850
- catalog number
- T.6598
- accession number
- 89797
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
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Patent Model for the Improvement in Picking Cotton
- Description (Brief)
- David Rawl, of Batesburg, South Carolina, submitted this model with his patent application for an improvement for picking cotton 1882 to the United States Patent Office. The mechanism could be wheeled over the top of a cotton row. A frame is balanced over wheels and as the picker is moved the stalks are guided through spindles where the boll is removed and the cotton drops into a carrier.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- date made
- ca 1882
- patent date
- 1882-10-31
- inventor
- Rawl, David
- ID Number
- AG.266884
- catalog number
- 266884
- accession number
- 89797
- patent number
- 266,884
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
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Patent Model for Bellows
- Location
- Currently not on view
- date made
- ca 1880
- patent date
- 1880-05-25
- inventor
- Smith, David B.
- ID Number
- DL.329541
- catalog number
- 329541
- patent number
- 228,131
- accession number
- 88881
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
-
Mauzey’s Patent Model of a Solar Heater – 1880
- Description
- This model was filed with the application to the U.S. Patent Office for Patent Number 227,028 issued to James P. Mauzey of Blackfoot, Montana Territory on April 27, 1880. His patent was for a new and improved solar heater. Mr. Mauzey’s design provided for a series of reflecting mirrors mounted on a rectangular frame which could be oriented so as to focus the sun’s rays upon an object to be heated. The image of the patent model shows the frame and mirrors. The frame would be oriented to point the central, oval shaped mirror directly at the sun. This mirror was shaped and oriented so as to focus the sun’s rays along a line at some distance behind the mirror frame assembly. Additional mirror elements were mounted within the frame as shown, and these too were designed to focus energy at the same distance behind the frame. The brown colored rod and material at the top of the frame modeled a curtain which could be rolled across the frame to block the mirrors as necessary for repair or adjustment. The frame assembly shown in the image was intended to be mounted on a supporting base which could be used to tilt the frame up or down to track the sun’s position in the sky. The base was in turn mounted on wheels or rollers to allow additional adjustments to track the sun. The object to be heated would be located on the base at the focal point of the mirrors. Additionally, the mirror assembly could be moved up or down relative to the base allowing for an accurate focus on the object to be heated. Diagrams showing the complete design of the heater can be found in the patent document online www.USPTO.gov/patents/process/search/index.jsp). Research of available trade literature and other sources has not revealed any commercial use that may have made use of Mr. Mauzey’s invention. His work was mentioned by Charles H. Pope, a solar heating advocate, in his 1903 book titled Solar Heat: Its Practical Applications. However, Mr. Pope indicated no additional information on Mauzey had been found.
- The patent model is constructed of tin, wood and fabric. It models the mirror assembly and curtain mechanism. Also shown are the side arms that would have attached the assembly to the supporting base.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- date made
- 1880
- patent date
- 1880-04-27
- inventor
- Mauzey, James P.
- ID Number
- MC.251506
- accession number
- 48890
- catalog number
- 251506
- patent number
- 227,028
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
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Minnow Bucket Patent Model Patented by J. I. Rodman
- Location
- Currently not on view
- Date made
- 1881
- associated dates
- 1981 07 06 / 1981 07 06
- Associated Date
- 1881-09-27
- ID Number
- CL.65.0216
- catalog number
- 65.0216
- accession number
- 249602
- patent number
- 247690
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
-
Ericsson Hot-Air Engine, Patent Model
- Description
- This model was filed with the application to the U.S. Patent Office for Patent Number 226,052 issued to John Ericsson of New York, New York on March 30, 1880. The patent was for an improvement in air engines.
- In this type of engine a charge of air is repeatedly heated and cooled as it is transferred from one end to the other of a single cylinder. One end of the cylinder is surrounded by a furnace, the other end of is water jacketed. The air expands and contracts beneath a work piston that travels through a short stroke near the upper end of the cylinder. The air is displaced from end to end of the cylinder at the proper time by a large loosely fitting transfer piston independently connected to the crankshaft.
- Mr. Ericsson claimed his design improved the method of connecting the short stroke of the work piston so as to magnify the length of its stroke at the crankshaft. This also produced a longer stroke for the exchange piston in order to properly time its movement. He also made provisions for a water pump that was operated by the engine. It circulated water into the jacket surrounding the engine’s cylinder in order to more rapidly cool the hot air in the upper part of the cylinder.
- Mr. Ericsson was a prolific inventor; his inventions included many types of steam engines and associated apparatus as well as hot air engines. He was the designer of the USS Monitor for the North during the Civil War, and that vessel included one of his then new marine steam engine designs.
- The patent model is shown in the image. It is made of brass, steel and wood. All of the key elements of the patent are illustrated by the model including the crank mechanism and the water pump. The upper cylinder is cut away to illustrate the motion of the two pistons. Diagrams showing the complete design can be found in the patent document online (www.USPTO.gov).
- Location
- Currently not on view
- patent date
- 1880-03-30
- inventor
- Ericsson, John
- ID Number
- MC.251286
- catalog number
- 251286
- accession number
- 48865
- patent number
- 226,052
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
-
Benjamin Allen's 1875 Folding Seat Hinge Patent Model
- Description
- Benjamin Allen from Trenton, New Jersey, received a U.S. patent for a hinge for school seat. Patent no. 163622 was issued on May 25, 1875.
- This model features a side view of a wooden seat with an improved hinge and lever that lift the seat. The model is painted a dull green color. By adding a spring for constant friction, the seats could be raised and lowered without dropping, creating less noise. In addition to school desks, the invention was applicable to folding seats in other venues.
- We are not aware of any additional information about the inventor/patentee.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- date made
- 1875
- patent date
- 1875-05-25
- associated date
- 1881
- patentee
- Allen, Benjamin
- transfer
- U.S. Patent and Trademark Office
- inventor
- Allen, Benjamin
- ID Number
- CL.249602.591
- catalog number
- 249602.591
- accession number
- 249602
- patent number
- 163,622
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
-
Sciple's Patent Model of a Portable Steam Engine –1879
- Description
- This model was filed with the application to the U.S. Patent Office for Patent Number 224,482 issued to Harry M Sciple of Selin's Grove, Pennsylvania on February 10, 1880. The patent was for a new and improved portable steam engine. Mr. Sciple's goals for his design were lightness, durability and low cost. He claimed his innovation was making the majority of the engine from only two castings. The first and largest was the base, steam cylinder, and steam valve. The second was the cylinder head combined with the crosshead guides. In the image of the model the steam valve is the horizontal cylinder on the side of the steam cylinder; and the crosshead and guides casting is the arch shape at the top. The piston rod is attached to the crosshead which can be seen across the arch. Another new design feature claimed by Mr. Sciple was the use of vee- shaped crosshead guides. Instead of the typical metal sliding on metal crosshead and guide design, he used rubber coated rollers attached to each end of the crosshead. The connecting rod is the inverted u-shaped hoop seen connected to a bar across the crosshead and descending on each side of the cylinder to the crankshaft. The eccentric gear is shown on the shaft just outside the base. The rod connected to it operates the steam valve via the crank arm shown.
- Before the widespread use of electric motors, small high-speed steam engines such as the Sciple design were common for general light duty. Simple and dependable, such engines were cheap to build and easy to operate and maintain. They could be connected directly to pumps, generators, blowers and other machinery.
- All of the key elements of the patent are illustrated in detail by the model. The patent model parts representing the large castings are made of lead. Other metal is used for the moving parts. Diagrams showing the complete design of the patent can be found in the patent document online at the United States Patent and Trademark Office website, www.uspto.gov.
- date made
- 1880
- patent date
- 1880-02-10
- inventor
- Sciple, Harry M.
- ID Number
- MC.308710
- catalog number
- 308710
- accession number
- 89,797
- patent number
- 224,481
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
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