Energy & Power

• 

  Baldwin's Patent Model of a Flexible Beam Locomotive - ca 1842

  Description

  This model was filed with the application to the U.S. Patent Office for Patent Number 2,759 issued to Matthias W. Baldwin on August 25, 1842. Baldwin’s invention was a design for a flexible beam truck for the driving wheels of a locomotive. The goal of the design was to increase the proportion of the engine’s total weight resting on driven wheels thus improving traction and thereby the ability of the engine to pull heavier loads. While then existing locomotives had multiple driven axles, their designs made them unsuitable for use on the tight curves that were common on American railroads at the time. Baldwin’s design allowed for multiple driving wheel axles to be coupled together in a manner that would allow each axle to move independently so as to conform to both to sharp curves and to vertical irregularities in the tracks. The “flexible beam” referred to heavy iron beams that were connected to each side of the engine’s frame with a vertical, spherical pin so that they could pivot horizontally and vertically in relation to the frame. The beams on each side of the frame moved independently of each other. At each end of the beams were journal boxes for the axles, and these boxes were constructed to an earlier Baldwin patent with cylindrical pedestals that allowed them to rotate vertically inside the beam. The result was that when rounding a curve one driving axle could move laterally in one direction while the other axle could move independently in the other direction thus adapting the wheels to the curve while at the same time keeping the axles parallel to each other. The coupling rods were made with ball-and-socket joints to allow them to adapt to the varying geometry due to lateral axle motion. While this geometry would also result in the coupling rod lengths varying as the axles moved laterally, in actual use the variation was very small – on the order of 1/32 of an inch – and was allowed for via a designed-in slackness in the bearings. The patent was applied by Baldwin to a large number of engines manufactured up until 1859 when the design was superseded by heavier and more advanced engines.

  The patent model is constructed of wood and metal and is mounted on rails attached to a wooden base. A brass plate attached to the boiler is inscribed with “M.W. Baldwin Philadelphia.” The boiler is painted wood as are the cylinders and coupling rods. The engine frame is steel, and the wheel rims are made of brass. The key element of the patent, the flexible beams are present on the front two axles. The beams and leaf springs are made of wood. The vertical pins appear to be made of steel. While the axle journal boxes are shown it appears the details of the cylindrical pedestals and other moving parts are not modelled.

  date made

  ca 1842

  ca. 1842

  patent date

  1842-08-25

  inventor

  Baldwin, Matthias W.

  ID Number

  TR.251274

  catalog number

  251274

  patent number

  2,759

  accession number

  48865

  Data Source

  National Museum of American History

• 

  Schilling Canal Boat Propulsion System, Patent Model

  Description

  In 1870, Cornelius Schilling patented the use of an oscillating single-bladed paddle to propel vessels "with ease and facility." The next year he thought better of his inefficient idea. In a new patent application, he disclaimed everything in his first attempt and proposed instead the arrangement of multiple paddles seen in this model. This model accompanied his application for an “improvement in propulsion of canal boats” that received patent number 119,792 on October 10, 1871. The patent claimed that the paddles "are so arranged that they alternate with each other, one set being in action while the other is carried back through the air, and thereby a continuous action of the propeller is produced."

  Location

  Currently not on view

  Date made

  1871

  patent date

  1871-10-10

  patentee

  Schilling, Cornelius

  inventor

  Schilling, Cornelius

  ID Number

  1979.1029.02

  catalog number

  1979.1029.02

  accession number

  1979.1029

  patent number

  119,792

  Data Source

  National Museum of American History

• 

  Ericsson’s Patent Model of a Marine Steam Engine – ca 1858

  Description

  This model was filed with the application to the U.S. Patent Office for Patent Number 20,782 issued to John Ericsson of New York, New York on July 6, 1858. The patent was for improvements in marine steam engines for powering a screw propeller. Mr. Ericsson’s goal was to maximize the power and compactness of the engine so that it could be located transversely and very low within a boat.

  His design consisted of two compact steam cylinders which were bolted together and mounted horizontally across the beam of the ship. They drove a single propeller shaft via a system of push rods and rocker arms. The design allowed for even application of power with reduced vibration and wear on engine parts and the frame of the ship.

  Mr. Ericsson was a prolific inventor; his inventions included many types of steam engines and associated apparatus as well as air engines. He was the designer of the USS Monitor for the North during the Civil War, and the engine for the Monitor was based on this patent.

  The patent model is made of brass and is mounted on a wood base representing a section of the hull of a ship. A brass plate on the base of the model is engraved “Screw Propeller Engine, J. Ericsson, Inventor.” All of the key elements of the patent are illustrated by the model which was provided with a crank on the propeller shaft to allow operation for demonstration. A full description of the operation of the engine along with complete diagrams can be found in the patent document online at the United States Patent and Trademark Office website, www.uspto.gov.

  date made

  1858

  patent date

  1858-07-06

  inventor

  Ericsson, John

  ID Number

  MC.251295

  catalog number

  251295

  patent number

  20,782

  accession number

  48865

  Data Source

  National Museum of American History

• 

  A. J. Hull's 1870 School Desk and Seat Patent Model

  Description

  A. J. Hull from Sterling, Illinois, received a U.S. patent for an improved school desk. Patent no. 99440 was issued on February 1, 1870.

  This model is made of wood and cast iron. It improves the school desk in its use and combination of washers and projections. "A.J. Hull- Sterling, Ill" is painted on the backrest. The seat is closely slatted and folds straight down. The backrest is flat and therefore offers no lower back support. The desk is attached and the lid does not lift up; however, there is storage underneath the desktop. There are metal hinges on the seat. The legs flare out, and it sits on a metal base.

  Aaron J. Hull was born in 1833. With F.T. June, he ran Novelty Iron Works, which later became Sterling School Furniture Company. A prolific inventor, Hull moved from desks to pumps in the late 1870s.

  Location

  Currently not on view

  date made

  1870

  patent date

  1870-02-01

  patentee

  Hull, A. J.

  transfer

  U.S. Patent and Trademark Office

  inventor

  Hull, A. J.

  ID Number

  CL.65.0373

  catalog number

  65.0373

  accession number

  249602

  patent number

  99,440

  Data Source

  National Museum of American History

• 

  William Wooten's 1869 School Desk and Seat Patent Model of School Desk and Seat

  Description

  William Wooton from Richmond, Indiana, received a U.S. patent for an improved school desk. Patent no. 87386 was issued on March 2, 1869.

  This patent was an improvement on Patent No. 83896. By improving the brace and the mechanism for locking, Wooton designed a way to fold the seat and desk together noiselessly. The desktop folds up completely to form an additional backrest. The mechanism for locking the desk is claimed in the patent by Wooton as well. The model is made of polished dark wood and has metal hinges. There is an indent for placing pencils, and underneath the desk there is storage.

  William Wooton was born in 1835. He joined George H. Grant & Company after John P. Allen died in 1868. In 1870, Wooton formed the Wooton Desk Company after he won a five-dollar prize for a school desk at the Indiana State Fair in 1868. His best known invention was patent 155604, the Wooton’s Patent Cabinet Office Secretary. In 1884, he retired and became a preacher. He was known for introducing a revolutionary type of furniture into the business world during the Industrial Revolution. Most museums have "The Desk of the Age” in their collection. A 94-page book, published in 1983, by the Indiana State and Oakland Museums, is devoted solely to the history of the Wooton Desk Company and the evolution of the 19th century office. William Wooton died in 1907 at the age of 72. His last name is often spelled Wooten however the patent specifications clearly spell his last name Wooton as does the advertising for the company.

  Location

  Currently not on view

  date made

  1869

  associated date

  1868

  patent date

  1869-03-02

  patentee

  Wooton, William S.

  transfer

  U.S. Patent and Trademark Office

  inventor

  Wooton, William S.

  ID Number

  CL.249602.581

  catalog number

  249602.581

  accession number

  249602

  patent number

  87,386

  Data Source

  National Museum of American History

• 

  Eldridge J. Smith's 1872 School Desk and Seat Patent Model fragment

  Description

  Eldridge J. Smith from Washington, D.C., received a U.S. patent for an improved school desk and seat. Patent no. 128432 was issued on June 25, 1872.

  This patent featured a school seat and desk that improved adjustability. Only the seat exists from the original model. There are small nails that hold the wooden slates to a circular wooden frame.

  Eldridge J. Smith was born in 1825 and became a patent lawyer in Washington, D.C.

  Location

  Currently not on view

  date made

  1872

  associated date

  1878

  patent date

  1872-06-25

  patentee

  Smith, Elbridge J.

  transfer

  U.S. Patent and Trademark Office

  inventor

  Smith, Elbridge J.

  ID Number

  CL.249602.600

  catalog number

  249602.600

  patent number

  128,432

  accession number

  249602

  Data Source

  National Museum of American History

• 

  Frederick Everhart McKinley's 1881 School Desk and Seat Patent Model

  Description

  Frederick Everhart McKinley from Wellington, Kansas, received a U.S. patent for an improved school desk. Patent no. 246177 was issued on August 23, 1881.

  This desk is supported by a stationary bar that allows the desk to pivot. Both desk and seat can fold up to save space when room is needed. The desk has a shelf, which is supported by two wooden brackets. The seat folds with the use of metal hinges. The desk is made up of unpolished slats of light colored wood.

  Frederick Everhart McKinley was a carpenter born in 1850.

  Location

  Currently not on view

  date made

  1881

  patent date

  1881-08-23

  associated date

  1876

  patentee

  McKinley, Frederick E.

  transfer

  U.S. Patent and Trademark Office

  inventor

  McKinley, Frederick E.

  ID Number

  CL.249602.583

  catalog number

  249602.583

  accession number

  249602

  patent number

  246,177

  Data Source

  National Museum of American History

• 

  Gilman’s Patent Model of a Valve for an Oscillating Steam Engine – ca 1851

  Description

  This model was filed with the application to the U.S. Patent Office for Patent Number 7,871 issued to Samuel H. Gilman of Cincinnati, Ohio on January 1, 1851. Mr. Gilman’s patent was for an improvement in the design of valve gear for an oscillating steam engine. An oscillating steam engine differs from a standard engine in that the steam cylinder is pivoted on the engine frame and oscillates up and down about the pivot as its connecting rod operates the crankshaft of the engine. In a standard engine, the cylinder is fixed in orientation, and the piston rod moves fore and aft within a crosshead which allows the connecting rod to pivot independently as the crankshaft revolves.

  Mr. Gilman did not claim as new an entire design of such an engine. He limited his claim to a modification of the tube that guides the pushrod which controls the steam valve. He included threads at the bottom of the rod and shaped that portion so that it could clamp and secure the ball at the end of the pushrod. When threaded into the collar on the valve housing it allowed the pushrod to move slightly to conform to the motion of the valve house. He referred to his improvement as a “tubular nut.” The patent did not elaborate on exactly what Mr. Gilman claimed for improved function.

  The model as shown in the image illustrates all of the key elements of the patent. It is constructed of metal and mounted on a wooden base. Diagrams showing the complete design can be found in the patent document online (www.USPTO.gov).

  Location

  Currently not on view

  date made

  1851

  patent date

  1851-01-01

  inventor

  Gilman, Samuel H.

  ID Number

  ER.325617

  accession number

  249602

  catalog number

  325617

  patent number

  7,871

  Data Source

  National Museum of American History

• 

  George Grant's 1869 School Desk and Seat Patent Model

  Description

  George Grant from Richmond, Indiana, received a U.S. patent for an improved school desk. Patent no. 88563 was issued on April 6, 1869.

  This desk features an innovation in folding. The leaf of the school desk can be pulled out slightly raised and withdrawn from the desk and then brought down to fold. A place for the ink well, pens, pencils, and books is included in the design. It is made out of oak-colored wood. The wooden bench and legs flare out.

  George H. Grant and John Allen formed a partnership to manufacture school desks. After Allen’s death, the firm became George H. Grant & Company. In 1876 Grant formed a partnership with A. W. Hempleman to manufacture school and church furniture.

  Location

  Currently not on view

  date made

  1869

  associated date; patent date

  1869-04-06

  inventor

  Grant, George H.

  ID Number

  CL.65.0423

  catalog number

  65.0423

  accession number

  249602

  patent number

  88,563

  Data Source

  National Museum of American History

• 

  Carpenter Compound Hydraulic Engine, Patent Model

  Description

  The model was submitted to the U.S. Patent Office with the application for the patent issued to Oramill C. Carpenter, of Brooklyn, New York, December 17, 1878, no. 210915.

  The engine is essentially a hydraulic transmission, which takes motion from eccentric cams on a central shaft turned by a steam or other engine and transmits the motion to shafts on either side of and parallel to the central shaft. The inventor designed the engine to be applied to a streetcar, and the model is mounted in a miniature nickel-plated car truck.

  It is a 4-cylinder engine with opposed cylinders in groups of two. Single-acting plungers work in and out of the cylinders as the central shaft is turned. The head of each cylinder leads directly to another cylinder of reduced diameter in each of which a driven piston works through a longer stroke in time with the short stork of the driving piston. Valves for the relief of an excess pressure of liquid and spring-cushioned piston heads are described for smoother running.

  Reference:

  This description comes from the 1939 Catalog of the Mechanical Collections of the Division of Engineering United States Museum Bulletin 173 by Frank A. Taylor.

  Location

  Currently not on view

  date made

  1878

  patent date

  1878-12-17

  inventor

  Carpenter, Oramill C.

  ID Number

  MC.309252

  catalog number

  309252

  accession number

  89797

  patent number

  210,915

  Data Source

  National Museum of American History

• 

  Addison S. Vorse's 1869 School Desk Patent fragment

  Description

  Addison S. Vorse from Des Moines, Iowa, received a U.S. patent for an improved school desk. Patent no. 97005 was issued on March 16, 1869.

  This seat frpm the desk model is made of wood and has steel hardware attached to the bottom. A wooden plaque with a metal piece is screwed into the board as well. The seat was able to fold down, and there is storage for books. According to the patent draeing, the desk is attached to the back of the bench.

  Addison S. Vorse was born in 1821. Along with his brother, Norman, he manufactured and sold agricultural implements in Iowa.

  Location

  Currently not on view

  date made

  1869

  patent date

  1869-11-16

  inventor

  Vorse, Addison S.

  ID Number

  CL.65.0353

  catalog number

  65.0353

  accession number

  249602

  patent number

  97,005

  Data Source

  National Museum of American History

• 

  George F. Perkins's 1871 School Seat Patent Model

  Description

  George F. Perkins from San Francisco, California, received a U.S. patent for an improved reading desk. Patent no. 121810 was issued on December 12, 1871.

  This desk is entirely wooden and has pew-like supporters rather than traditional chair legs. It was referred to as the “pendent reading desk” although there is no desk with this seat today. It was designed to be fastened to a chair or even a bedstead, and it stays in place with the help of a strap. There are armrests, and the top of the seat back has two arches as a design element. The support arches curve above the user's head. The shelf for reading is pictured holding a lamp as well. The patent model describes it as being “a very convenient apparatus for reading or writing with ease.” There are armrests and the top of the seat back has two arches as a design element.

  We are not aware of any additional information about the inventor/patentee.

  Location

  Currently not on view

  date made

  1871

  patent date

  1871-12-12

  patentee

  Perkins, George F.

  transfer

  U.S. Patent and Trademark Office

  inventor

  Perkins, George F.

  ID Number

  CL.65.0351

  accession number

  249602

  catalog number

  65.0351

  patent number

  121,810

  Data Source

  National Museum of American History

• 

  patent model, vegetable assorter

  Description

  This model was filed with the application to the U.S. Patent Office for Patent Number 212,000 issued to John H. Heinz of Sharpsburg, Pennsylvania, on February 4, 1879. Mr. Heinz’s patent was for a design to automate the sorting of vegetables (as well as fruits, pickles, etc.) by size. Commercial packing technology had improved significantly at the time of the patent, and to keep up with faster production timelines a more efficient sorting method not dependent on manual labor was needed. Mr. Heinz’s design is shown in the photo to the left. It consisted of a wooden frame that held two concentric cylinders mounted on a shaft that sloped downwards from right to left. The cylinders had longitudinal slots wide enough to allow items of that size to fall through. The machine would be operated by the crank shown at the left end. The crank turned the central shaft via a gear so that the cylinders revolved, distributing the items evenly within them. Near the left side of the photo the inner cylinder is visible where it exits from the larger, outer cylinder. A hopper, shown at the upper right of the machine, received the items to be sorted and introduced them into the inner cylinder. To reduce jamming and produce an even distribution of items, the hopper was vibrated by a ratchet and bar at the end of the shaft. The inner cylinder had slotted openings that were sized such that all but the largest items would fall through into the outer cylinder. The inner cylinder’s longitudinal slots ended where it exited from the outer cylinder because, at that point, only the largest items remained. They would travel down the closed inner cylinder to the collection bin at the left. The slots at the upper end of the outer cylinder were sized so that the smallest items to be sorted passed through and into a collection hopper shown at lower right. Medium sized items would travel down the outer cylinder to its left end where a plate would force them to fall into the middle collection hopper. Each collection hopper could be closed by slide-gates to hold the items until workers could empty them. While this patent model has provisions for just three grades of size, Mr. Heinz made note that his invention was not limited to any particular number. This patent improved upon an earlier one by Mr. Heinz which was Patent Number 197, 934, dated December 11, 1877. In a later patent (Number 212,849 dated March 4, 1879) Mr. Heinz and his brother and co-inventor, Henry J. Heinz (founder of the Heinz Company), provided further improvements in the sorter design. In that patent they limited their description to a design for sorting pickles. They did away with the concentric cylinders in favor of an inclined, vibrating box with exit slots of varying sizes to sort the pickles. In 1890 Mr. John H. Heinz again improved upon the designs with Patent Number 545,689, dated December 17, 1890. That design was for a more elaborate version of the concentric cylinder sorter.

  The patent model is constructed of wood and metal. The model is complete and shows all the key elements of the patent with the exception of the collection hopper slide-gates which are missing. Diagrams showing the complete design can be found in the patent document online (www.USPTO.gov/patents/process/search/index.jsp).

  date made

  ca 1879

  patent date

  1879-02-04

  inventor

  Heinz, John H.

  ID Number

  AG.212000

  accession number

  89797

  catalog number

  212000

  patent number

  212,000

  Data Source

  National Museum of American History

• 

  James Russell's 1871 School Desk and Seat Patent Model

  Description

  James Russell from Plymouth, Indiana, received a U.S. patent for an improved school desk. Patent no. 117467 was issued on July 25, 1871.

  This model has two separate seats that fold up, with a backrest connected like a bench. There are two attached desks behind the back rest that both have lids that can lift up. The wooden bench seat and desk are made of a dark wood with metal hinges. The desktop is divided to make a pair. The bench on the desk front is split in the same manner as the desktop. There is storage underneath both desks for books. The seats fold up individually, though the back rest is connected like a bench. The model includes original patent tags.

  James Russell was born in 1821 and became a carpenter in Plymouth, Indiana.

  Location

  Currently not on view

  date made

  1871

  patent date

  1871-07-25

  bequest

  Hoffman, John

  patentee

  Russell, James

  inventor

  Russell, James

  ID Number

  1983.0508.07

  accession number

  1983.0508

  catalog number

  1983.0508.07

  patent number

  117,467

  Data Source

  National Museum of American History

• 

  Addison S. Vorse's 1870 School Desk and Seat Patent Model

  Description

  Addison S. Vorse from Des Moines, Iowa, received a U.S. patent for an improved school desk seat. Patent no. 104906 was issued on June 28, 1870.

  This school desk seat is designed to hold firmly in place and be folded up completely when not in use. It is made out of wood with cast iron legs and feet. The desk behind the backrest slides up, then out. The ironwork on the desk has a Gothic design. There is a small shelf attached underneath the bottom of the desktop. When it is compact, the shelf is vertical and can still be used for storage.

  Addison S. Vorse was born in 1821. Along with his brother, Norman, he manufactured and sold agricultural implements in Iowa.

  Location

  Currently not on view

  date made

  1870

  patent date

  1870-06-28

  transfer

  U.S. Patent and Trademark Office

  patentee

  Vorse, Addison S.

  inventor

  Vorse, Addison S.

  ID Number

  CL.65.0426

  catalog number

  65.0426

  patent number

  104,906

  accession number

  249602

  Data Source

  National Museum of American History

• 

  Josiah Delph and William A. Bradford's 1876 School Desk and Seat Patent Model

  Description

  Josiah Delph and William A. Bradford from Goshen, Indiana received a U.S. patent for an improved school desk. Patent no. 179472 was issued on July 4, 1876.

  This model consists of a chair in front and the attached desk behind it. The desk folds up and down with metal hinges, and it can be locked and unlocked. The compressed slats are maple-colored wood and create horizontal grooves in the seat. The iron legs have feet with small holes for attaching to a base. The desk top, the supports and legs are of decoratively cut metal. The original patent tags are attached to the desk. One tag is pasted to a newspaper clipping illustrating the machinery of the desk top.

  Josiah Delph and William A. Bradford worked for L.H. Nobel & Sons, a leading manufacturer of school furniture.

  Location

  Currently not on view

  date made

  1876

  patent date

  1876-07-04

  bequest

  Hoffman, John

  patentee

  Delph, Josiah

  Bradford, William A.

  inventor

  Delph, Josiah

  Bradford, William A.

  ID Number

  1983.0508.02

  accession number

  1983.0508

  catalog number

  1983.0508.02

  patent number

  179,472

  Data Source

  National Museum of American History

• 

  David I. Stagg's 1866 School Desk and Seat Patent Model

  Description

  David I. Stagg from New York received a U.S. patent for an improved seat and desk. Patent no. 58908 was issued on October 16, 1866.

  This model functions as a seat and desk or simply as a seat. This is accomplished by a design allowing the desk to be placed to the side. The desk is made of a dark, unpolished, red-tinted wood with brass tacks and a junction for the desk that is on a metal rod. There is storage available under the seat. here are no curves for back support, and the seat is on a completely wooden foundation. It is meant to accommodate both children and adults.

  David I. Stagg was born September 6, 1816 in Patterson, New Jersey. For fifty years he served as an apprentice and journeyman in the New York school system. In his last post he served the New York City Board of Education as Superintendent of School Buildings, overseeing school construction from 1872-1886. The museum owns four of his school desk patent models. He died May 11, 1886.

  Location

  Currently not on view

  date made

  1866

  patent date

  1866-10-16

  patentee

  Stagg, David I.

  transfer

  U.S. Patent and Trademark Office

  inventor

  Stagg, David I.

  ID Number

  CL.65.0421

  accession number

  249602

  catalog number

  65.0421

  patent number

  58,908

  Data Source

  National Museum of American History

• 

  Wash Boiler Patent Model

  Location

  Currently not on view

  patent date

  1879-08-05

  ID Number

  1978.0270.2

  catalog number

  1978.0270.2

  accession number

  1978.0270

  patent number

  218327

  Data Source

  National Museum of American History

• 

  George Munger's 1866 School Desk and Seat Patent Model

  Description

  George Munger from East River, Connecticut, received a U.S. patent for an improved school desk and seat. Patent no. 57824 was issued on September 4, 1866.

  This desk is constructed with dovetails or tongue and grooves to facilitate shipping. The design could be broken down, packed in a small area, and easily built without skilled labor. There are four cross pieces that form the back of the seat and only one screw and two nail heads that show. The desktop does not move and the seat does not fold. There are four slats across the backrest. It is mounted on a platform.

  George Munger was born on November 27, 1827. He partnered in many successful manufacturing businesses. In 1877 he built a factory in East River, Connecticut for manufacturing a line of school supplies, including desks and furniture. He originated the dovetail method of putting iron and wood together. Munger died on April 7, 1903.

  Location

  Currently not on view

  date made

  1866

  patent date

  1866-09-04

  patentee

  Munger, George

  transfer

  U.S. Patent and Trademark Office

  inventor

  Munger, George

  ID Number

  CL.65.0359

  catalog number

  65.0359

  accession number

  249602

  patent number

  57,824

  Data Source

  National Museum of American History

• 

  Screw Propellor, Patent Model

  Description

  This is the patent model of John MacHaffie's screw propeller, which he called "the citropeller adopted to aquatic propulsion."

  John MacHaffie, a British citizen living in Schenectady, New York, received a patent in 1892 for a new propeller shaft arrangement, wherein the speed and direction of a propeller could be adjusted by moving the drive shaft in and out. The adjustable shaft would engage a clutch in the propeller bearing, causing the propeller to spin forward, stop, or reverse without changing the speed or direction of the shaft or the vessel's engine. MacHaffie's specification also outlined a way to use his invention for steering as well, but that possibility is not reflected in the patent model. MacHaffie called his device a "citropeller," perhaps intending to mean a propeller tilted sideways.

  MacHaffie's citropeller was also covered by British patent 12,361, August 7, 1890.

  Location

  Currently not on view

  Date made

  1892

  patent date

  1892-09-27

  patentee

  MacHaffie, John

  inventor

  MacHaffie, John

  ID Number

  TR.308548

  catalog number

  308548

  accession number

  89797

  patent number

  483,158

  Data Source

  National Museum of American History

Pages