Energy & Power

The Museum's collections on energy and power illuminate the role of fire, steam, wind, water, electricity, and the atom in the nation's history. The artifacts include wood-burning stoves, water turbines, and windmills, as well as steam, gas, and diesel engines. Oil-exploration and coal-mining equipment form part of these collections, along with a computer that controlled a power plant and even bubble chambers—a tool of physicists to study protons, electrons, and other charged particles.
A special strength of the collections lies in objects related to the history of electrical power, including generators, batteries, cables, transformers, and early photovoltaic cells. A group of Thomas Edison's earliest light bulbs are a precious treasure. Hundreds of other objects represent the innumerable uses of electricity, from streetlights and railway signals to microwave ovens and satellite equipment.


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Carbon Incandescent Lamp
- Description (Brief)
- Standard carbon lamp for laboratory. "Electrical Testing Laboratories Lamp #3879 (Carbon) Standardized 6.24.40".
- Location
- Currently not on view
- date made
- ca 1908
- ID Number
- 2001.0033.04
- accession number
- 2001.0033
- catalog number
- 2001.0033.04
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
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Carbon Reflector Lamp
- Description (Brief)
- Carbon filament lamp with reflective coating. Inner layer is a silver reflector and the outer layer is a green enamel.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- date made
- ca 1900
- Maker
- General Electric
- ID Number
- 1997.0388.73
- catalog number
- 1997.0388.73
- accession number
- 1997.0388
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
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Standard Carbon Lamp
- Description (Brief)
- Typical carbon filament lamp tested at the National Bureau of Standards.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- date made
- ca 1905
- ID Number
- 1992.0342.02
- catalog number
- 1992.0342.02
- accession number
- 1992.0342
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
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Neon Sign "NBS"
- Description (Brief)
- Luminous Sign with neon gas designed by Perley Gilman Nutting (1873–1949) and made by Edward O. Sperling at the National Bureau of Standards. Exhibited at the St. Louis Exposition in 1904.
- Description
- Label found with object: "Luminous Sign Designed by P. G. Nutting, Made by Sperling - National Bureau of Standards, Exhibited at St. Louis Exposition 1904 (contained neon gas. Bulb cracked - broken terminal, Mch. 1958)". Perley Gilman Nutting (1873–1949) was a scientist investigating electrical discharges in gasses at NBS. He was also 1st president of the Optical Society of America.
- Ref: Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards: Volume 7, Issues 143-168 - Page 49, United States. Bureau of Standards - 1911:
- "The Intensities of Some Hydrogen Argon and Helium Lines in Relation to Current and Pressure PG Nutting and Orin Tugman The intensities of spectrum lines are known to vary widely with the condition of the gas or vapor emitting them This paper contains the results of a study of the visible spectra of hydrogen argon and helium contained in Plucker tubes The curves given show the variations in the intensities of about 20 lines with varying current and gas density Potential gradient as a function of current was determined for hydrogen and helium so that for these gases line intensity is known as a function of the internal energy of the gas Finally a summary of the important new results is given Aug 6 1910 22 pp"
- Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards: Volume 4 - Page 511, books.google.comUnited States. National Bureau of Standards - 1908 - THE LUMINOUS PROPERTIES OF ELECTRICALLY CONDUCTING HELIUM GAS. By PG Nutting.
- Bulletin: Volume 8 - Page 487, 1913 - LUMINOUS PROPERTIES OF ELECTRICALLY CONDUCTING HELIUM GAS. II. REPRODUCIBILITY By PG Nutting:
- "The Luminous Properties of Electrically Conducting Helium Gas II Reproducibility PG Nutting This paper gives the results of photometric and spectrophotometric tests of a set of 38 helium tubes made up and operated as shown most advisable by preliminary work The tubes do not differ measurably in color In light emission per cm of capillary the average deviation is 1.15 per cent the maximum deviation 3 per cent the uncertainty in observation being 1 percent Aug 25 1911 8 pp"
- Location
- Currently not on view
- date made
- 1904
- associated date
- 1904
- maker
- National Bureau of Standards
- Sperling, Edward O.
- designer
- Nutting, Perley Gilman
- ID Number
- EM.334753
- catalog number
- 334753
- accession number
- 314637
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
-
Tungsten Filament Lamp
- Description (Brief)
- Heanysintered tungsten lamp, c1908. This tungsten lamp was at the heart of a Patent Office scandal that saw two men jailed and Heany’s patents disallowed. See Arthur Bright "The Electric Lamp Industry," for the Heany patent fraud case. There are also contemporary articles in Electrical World.
- Brass medium-screw base with skirt, one glass insulator and one ceramic insulator. Seven single-arch non-ductile (sintered) tungsten filaments in series, 7 upper & 6 lower supports (note eyes on upper supports - insulators?), carbon-paste connectors, Siemens seal, asbestos(?) insulator. Tipped S-shaped envelope with taper at neck, 1/2 frost. Mazda A type. “Pat Oct. 15, 1907” stamped on base, “329458”(?) printed on base. “9” inked on one side of press, “H” molded on other side. Label reads: “Heany V Tungsten Pat Dec. 25. 06 Pat Dec. 03. 07 Other Patents Pending”. “Heany” on label in stem. Partial “H” on envelope appears to be remnant of a William Hammer Collection marking.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- date made
- ca 1908
- maker
- Heany, John Allen
- Heany Lamp Co.
- ID Number
- EM.320466
- catalog number
- 320466
- accession number
- 241402
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
-
Power supply and ballast for Cooper Hewitt mercury vapor lamp
- Description (Brief)
- Power supply and ballast for Cooper Hewitt laboratory mercury vapor lamp. For providing controlled power flow to the mercury vapor lamp, catalog #2001.0033.01. Unit has cylindrical casing and black base on casters to allow ease of movement within the lab. For use with a laboratory Michelson interferometer.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- date made
- ca 1908
- maker
- Cooper Hewitt Electric Company
- ID Number
- 2001.0033.02
- accession number
- 2001.0033
- catalog number
- 2001.0033.02
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
-
Standard Tungsten Lamp
- Description (Brief)
- First generation tungsten lamp tested at the National Bureau of Standards. Filament is sintered tungsten.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- date made
- ca 1908
- maker
- General Electric Company
- ID Number
- 1992.0342.18
- accession number
- 1992.0342
- catalog number
- 1992.0342.18
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
-
Nernst Incandescent Lamp
- Description (Brief)
- This Nernst incandescent lamp was designed to replace an Edison-style lamp in a regular lamp socket.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- date made
- ca 1900
- maker
- Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Co.
- ID Number
- EM.214332
- catalog number
- 214332
- accession number
- 38852
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
-
Siemens & Halske tantalum filament lamp
- Description
- By the late 1890s, carbon filament lamps were no longer the hand-made devices demonstrated by Thomas Edison. He and many others had refined them into mass-produced, reliable products. But the energy efficiency of carbon lamps remained poor, leading researchers—especially in Europe—to seek better filament materials. In 1902 Germans Werner von Bolton and Otto Feuerlien invented a filament made from element number 73, tantalum. Tantalum lamps produced 5 lumens per watt (lpw), much better than the 3.2 lpw of the carbon lamps of that day.
- The electrical resistance of tantalum was lower than carbon, though. In order for the total resistance of a tantalum lamp to match the total resistance of a carbon lamp, it had to have a much longer filament. In order to support the longer filament inside a bulb of reasonable size, von Bolton and Feuerlien used a series of hooks attached to the lamp's central glass stem. The filament wound up and down within the bulb. Though the design looked complex, it worked well and was later adopted for the tungsten filaments that replaced tantalum around 1910.
- This particular lamp was made by the inventors' employer, Siemens and Halske. Tantalum lamps became the first metal filament lamps offered for sale in the U.S. and in 1909 became the first lamps to carry the trade-name Mazda.
- Lamp characteristics: Brass medium-screw base with skirt and porcelain-dome insulator. A tantalum filament with 11 upper and 10 lower support hooks. The support hooks are angled in order to keep tension on the filament, which tended to sag during operation. The stem assembly features soldered twist and crimp connectors, a Siemens-type press seal, and a cotton insulator. Tipped, straight-sided envelope.
- Date made
- ca 1907
- date made
- ca. 1907
- maker
- Siemens & Halske
- ID Number
- EM.239147
- catalog number
- 239147
- accession number
- 46578
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
-
Nernst Incandescent Lamp
- Description (Brief)
- Invented by Walther Nernst, this incandescent lamp could operate in open air and did not violate Edison’s patents. The housing is sectioned for study of the internal ballast resistance mechanism. The glower consists of six iron rods coated with rare-earth elements. The coating gives off light when heated and protects the rod from oxidation.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- date made
- ca 1902
- associated person
- Nernst, Walther
- maker
- Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Co.
- ID Number
- EM.214330
- catalog number
- 214330
- accession number
- 38852
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
-
Carbon Filament Lamp
- Description (Brief)
- “Meridian” lamps were designed for stylish installations. They featured a globe shape with no external exhaust tip.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- date made
- ca 1904
- maker
- General Electric Company
- ID Number
- EM.328073
- catalog number
- 328073
- accession number
- 270107
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
-
Ruby Crystal from Maiman Laser
- Description
- This is a ruby crystal from Theodore Maiman's experiments of May 1960, and may be the first crystal to generate laser light. The synthetic crystal was mounted in a small holder that also contained a spiral flashlamp of the type photographers used. When the lamp flashed, the light pulse stimulated the atoms within the crystal. The atoms released that energy in the form of a laser light pulse.
- Maiman earned a Ph.D. in physics from Stanford in 1955 and went to work at Hughes Research Laboratories the following year where he worked on masers. After attending a conference in September 1959, Maiman ran experiments investigating the possibility that a ruby crystal might be capable of emitting laser light. The experiments proved successful when, on 16 May 1960, he and assistant Irnee D’Haenes demonstrated the first operating laser. Rather than producing a continuous beam, their ruby laser operated in pulses. Their success caught the scientific community by surprise and was a pivotal moment in the history of lasers.
- This crystal was one of several in the laboratory at the time of the experiments. No one knows with certainly which crystal actually generated the first laser light, though when the crystal was donated to the Smithsonian in 1967, officials at Hughes reported that this crystal was indeed the first.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- Date made
- 1960
- associated date
- 1960-07
- associated institution
- Hughes Research Laboratories
- maker
- Maiman, Theodore H.
- Hughes Aircraft Company
- ID Number
- EM.330048
- catalog number
- 330048
- accession number
- 288813
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
-
Carbon Filament Lamp
- Description (Brief)
- Only a few types of carbon lamps were made with coiled filaments.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- date made
- ca 1900
- maker
- General Electric Company
- ID Number
- EM.230844
- catalog number
- 230844
- accession number
- 43304
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
-
Standard Carbon Lamp
- Description (Brief)
- Typical carbon filament lamp tested at the National Bureau of Standards.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- date made
- ca 1905
- ID Number
- 1992.0342.03
- catalog number
- 1992.0342.03
- accession number
- 1992.0342
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
-
Light Bulb Lapel Pin
- Description (Brief)
- Brass lapel-pin with a non-functional light bulb. Resembles a typical carbon filament lamp of the early 1900s.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- date made
- ca 1905
- ID Number
- 2002.0342.01
- accession number
- 2002.0342
- catalog number
- 2002.0342.01
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
-
Metal Halide Lamp
- Description (Brief)
- Typical GE metal Halide lamp for outdoor use.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- date made
- 1985-04
- maker
- General Electric Lighting Company
- ID Number
- 1992.0553.10
- catalog number
- 1992.0553.10
- accession number
- 1992.0553
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
-
Linolite Incandescent Lamp
- Description (Brief)
- Linear incandescent lamp with a carbon filament. Made by the Johns-Manville Company.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- date made
- ca 1908
- maker
- H. W. Johns-Manville Co.
- ID Number
- 1997.0388.68
- catalog number
- 1997.0388.68
- accession number
- 1997.0388
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
-
Nernst Incandescent Lamp
- Description (Brief)
- Invented by Walther Nernst, this incandescent lamp could operate in open air and did not violate Edison’s patents. The housing is sectioned for study of the internal ballast resistance mechanism. The glower consists of three iron rods coated with rare-earth elements. The coating gives off light when heated and protects the rod from oxidation.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- date made
- ca 1904
- maker
- Nernst
- ID Number
- EM.318298
- catalog number
- 318298
- accession number
- 232729
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
-
Tungsten Filament Lamp
- Description (Brief)
- First generation tungsten lamp with mushroom-shaped envelope. Possibly designed for use with a reflector.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- date made
- ca 1908
- ID Number
- 1997.0388.56
- catalog number
- 1997.0388.56
- accession number
- 1997.0388
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
-
Non-ductile Tungsten Lamp
- Description (Brief)
- First generation "Mazda" tungsten lamp. GE used the"Mazda" name to differentiate this from older carbon lamps.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- date made
- ca 1909
- Maker
- General Electric
- ID Number
- 1997.0388.74
- catalog number
- 1997.0388.74
- accession number
- 1997.0388
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
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