Energy & Power

The Museum's collections on energy and power illuminate the role of fire, steam, wind, water, electricity, and the atom in the nation's history. The artifacts include wood-burning stoves, water turbines, and windmills, as well as steam, gas, and diesel engines. Oil-exploration and coal-mining equipment form part of these collections, along with a computer that controlled a power plant and even bubble chambers—a tool of physicists to study protons, electrons, and other charged particles.
A special strength of the collections lies in objects related to the history of electrical power, including generators, batteries, cables, transformers, and early photovoltaic cells. A group of Thomas Edison's earliest light bulbs are a precious treasure. Hundreds of other objects represent the innumerable uses of electricity, from streetlights and railway signals to microwave ovens and satellite equipment.


-
pump
- Location
- Currently not on view
- date made
- ca 1930
- ID Number
- 1977.0935.01D
- catalog number
- 1977.0935.01D
- accession number
- 1977.0935
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
-
Carbide (Acetylene) Gas Toaster
- Description
- Five-jet single burner on four splayed tab feet with a circular, four-arm, fixed grate and white ceramic-handled stopcock or shut-off valve; for use with Colt carbide-feed acetylene gas generator. Separate four-sided toaster; consists of a tiered top piece, pyramidal body with four columns of horizontal pierced slots on each side and rounded-corner square base, all held together with bent wire racks with projections for holding bread. No maker's marks on either piece.
- America Lava Corporation of Chattanooga, TN (1902-1981) produced ceramic insulators for acetylene burners and, later, electrical equipment. Dates of operation for the Acetylene Stove Manufacturing Company not known.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- date made
- ca 1930
- ID Number
- 1977.0935.13
- catalog number
- 1977.0935.13
- accession number
- 1977.0935
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
-
funnel
- Location
- Currently not on view
- date made
- ca 1930
- ID Number
- 1977.0935.01E
- catalog number
- 1977.0935.01E
- accession number
- 1977.0935
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
-
connector
- Location
- Currently not on view
- date made
- ca 1930
- ID Number
- 1977.0935.01F
- catalog number
- 1977.0935.01F
- accession number
- 1977.0935
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
-
handle
- Location
- Currently not on view
- date made
- ca 1930
- ID Number
- 1977.0935.01G
- catalog number
- 1977.0935.01G
- accession number
- 1977.0935
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
-
Mercury Vapor Lamp
- Description (Brief)
- A 100 watt mercury vapor lamp designed for alternating current operation with a reactive transformer.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- date made
- ca 1938
- maker
- General Electric Company
- ID Number
- 1997.0387.03
- accession number
- 1997.0387
- catalog number
- 1997.0387.03
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
-
Gasoline Pump
- Description
- Made in Fort Wayne Indiana, this gasoline pump sold "Red Crown" gasoline, a brand produced by Standard Oil of Indiana. Consumers could see how much gas was pumped as the arrow moved around the face dial.
- As Americans began to drive gasoline-fueled cars in large numbers, oil companies and gasoline stations created technologies and systems to fulfill the demands of consumers. By the 1930s, pumps were the recognizable ancestors of the ones we use today.
- Date made
- 1930
- date made
- 1932
- distributor
- Amoco
- maker
- Wayne Oil Tank & Pump Company
- ID Number
- TR.326809
- accession number
- 265699
- catalog number
- 326809
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
-
Mercury Vapor Lamp
- Description (Brief)
- The third version of the type H-1 mercury vapor lamp utilized “K Monel” tube supports and slightly more mercury.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- date made
- ca 1937
- maker
- General Electric Company
- ID Number
- 1997.0387.02
- accession number
- 1997.0387
- catalog number
- 1997.0387.02
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
-
Colt Carbide Gas Flatiron on Stand
- Description
- Pointed-toe iron with black D-grip handle and removable flexible hose for use with Colt carbide-feed acetylene gas generator; rests on conforming "COLT" trivet or stand with three peg legs and four prongs to hold iron in place. Ignition hole at tip of deflector and screw-valve to regulate heat at its heel. Asbestos lining between deflector and body, which is lined with brass mesh and has semicircular vents at sides and an angled pipe with stop-cock extending from center back. Spiral-pattern, woven cloth-covered hose with spiral springs at both ends. New, unused condition.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- date made
- ca 1930
- maker
- J. B. Colt & Company
- ID Number
- 1977.0935.10
- catalog number
- 1977.0935.10
- accession number
- 1977.0935
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
-
Carbide (Acetylene) Gas Burner
- Description
- Single burner with brass hose nipple and removable, circular, six-arm grate for use with Colt carbide-feed acetylene gas generator. Domed and stepped circular base has "CLEVELAND. O." cast in along edge.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- date made
- ca 1930
- ID Number
- 1977.0935.16
- catalog number
- 1977.0935.16
- accession number
- 1977.0935
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
-
Mercury vapor lamp, type H1
- Description
- The type H-1 mercury vapor lamp represented a significant advance in commercial-industrial light sources. Prior to the H-1, mercury lamps contained large amounts of the toxic metal, and most were large and awkward to use. The H-1 featured a small amount of mercury contained in an internal hard-glass "arc-tube" mounted inside the lamp. Compared to previous mercury lamps, the H-1 was a compact and convenient device.
- This particular unit is a first generation model from about 1934. A wire grid seen wrapped around the arc-tube helps the unit to start. Later models used a special small electrode for that task. Use of the internal arc-tube allowed the lamp to operate at high internal pressure, resulting in better energy efficiency. While not the first high-pressure mercury vapor lamp, mass production of the H-1 and its ease of use led to its wide adoption. Today's mercury vapor and metal halide lamps can be considered refinements of the H-1.
- Lamp characteristics: A brass mogul-screw base with glass insulator. Hard-glass arc-tube with mercury drops visible on the inner wall. Two mandrel and re-coiled tungsten electrodes. Dumet and stranded wire leads connect the base to the electrodes. Starting electrode-grid wrapped around arc-tube and connected to frame. There is no starting resistor in this lamp. Welded connectors. Tipless, T-shape envelope. 400-watt rating.
- Mercury vapor lamps are one type of discharge lamp. Other types are fluorescent and neon tubes. They make light by passing an electric current through a gas, and require additional devices called ballasts to operate properly (not seen in the pictures). More information about how discharge lamps operate is on our website Lighting A Revolution.
- Date made
- ca 1934
- date made
- ca. 1934
- maker
- General Electric Company
- ID Number
- EM.318195
- catalog number
- 318195
- accession number
- 232822
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
-
Experimental fluorescent lamp
- Description
- The development of practical fluorescent lamps took decades, and many researchers contributed. Julius Plucker and Heinrich Geissler made glowing glass tubes in the 1850s, about the time George Stokes discovered that invisible ultraviolet light made some materials glow or "fluoresce." Alexandre Edmond Becquerel put fluorescent materials in a Geissler tube in 1859, though his tubes did not last long. Carbon dioxide-filled tubes by D. McFarlan Moore and mercury vapor tubes by Peter Cooper Hewitt around 1900 gave practical experience with gas-filled, discharge lamps and inspired the neon tubes of Georges Claude.
- In 1926 Friedrich Meyer, Hans Spanner, and Edmund Germer of Germany patented an enclosed glass tube containing mercury vapor, electrodes at either end, and a coating of fluorescent powders called phosphors. This incorporated all of the features we see in modern fluorescent tubes, but their employer did not pursue development. William Enfield of General Electric saw phosphor-coated neon tubes in France in the early 1930s, and heard that European researchers were developing a fluorescent lamp. An especially urgent 1934 letter from a consultant, Nobel-laureate Arthur Compton, coming on the heels of European breakthroughs in low-pressure sodium and high-pressure mercury lamps, spurred both GE and its licensee Westinghouse into combined action.
- Enfield created a team led by George Inman, and by the end of 1934 they made several working fluorescent lamps, including the one seen here. To save time, the team adopted the design of an existing tubular incandescent lamp in order to make use of available production equipment and lamp parts. Speed was important. In addition to European competitors, American companies like Sylvania were also working on fluorescents. A second GE group under Philip Pritchard worked on production equipment. Other GE groups in Schenectady and in Ft. Wayne assisted in developing ballasts and resolving problems of circuit design.
- In 1936 GE and Westinghouse demonstrated the new lamp to the U.S. Navy (that lamp is in the Smithsonian's collection). The public finally saw fluorescent lamps in 1939 at both the New York World's Fair and the Golden Gate Exposition in San Francisco. These early lamps gave twice the energy efficiency of the best incandescent designs. Production of fluorescent lamps, slow at first, soon soared as millions were installed in factories making equipment for the American military during World War 2.
- Lamp characteristics: Double-ended without bases. Flat presses with an exhaust tip near one press. A tungsten electrode, CC-6 configuration coated with emitter, is set at either end. A mercury pellet is loose inside the lamp. The clear T-7 glass envelope has a phosphor coating covering about 3 inches (8 cm) of the lamp near the center.
- date made
- ca. 1934
- Date made
- ca 1934
- manufacturer
- General Electric
- ID Number
- 1997.0388.41
- accession number
- 1997.0388
- catalog number
- 1997.0388.41
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
-
Incandescent Test Lamp
- Description (Brief)
- GE tungsten lamp designed to emit a specific amount of light. For use in testing at the National Bureau of Standards.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- date made
- ca 1930
- maker
- General Electric Co.
- ID Number
- 1992.0342.27
- accession number
- 1992.0342
- catalog number
- 1992.0342.27
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
-
Experimental Mercury Lamp
- Description (Brief)
- Experimental tungsten lamp with mercury pool. This lamp’s purpose is unclear but it appears similar early sunlamps.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- date made
- ca 1930
- maker
- General Electric Lighting Company
- ID Number
- 1997.0388.62
- catalog number
- 1997.0388.62
- accession number
- 1997.0388
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
-
Linear Incandescent Lamp
- Description (Brief)
- GE incandescent Lumiline lamp, orange-coated, ca. 1936. Characteristics: Double-ended with steel disc-bases. C-8 tungsten filament, with glass-bead insulated support-hooks attached to a spine paralleling the filament. Tubular envelope with an enamel, orange coating. Color lamps were displaced by the development of the fluorescent lamp, though clear and frosted were still available as of 1997.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- date made
- ca 1936
- Maker
- General Electric
- ID Number
- 1997.0388.50
- accession number
- 1997.0388
- catalog number
- 1997.0388.50
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
-
Caterpillar Diesel Engine, 1930
- Description
- This is the first mass-produced diesel engine ever made in the United States. The four-cylinder engine uses a variety of fuels, including furnace oil and generates 86.8 horsepower at 700 revolutions per minute.
- "Old Betsy" was employed to drive earth-moving equipment in the construction industry before its retirement in the mid-20th century. The transition from gasoline to diesel was preferred by manufacturers of heavy equipment due in part to the efficiencies available with the heavier classes of motor fuel, in addition to diesel's ability to run cleaner than ordinary gasoline.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- Date made
- 1930
- maker
- Caterpillar Tractor Co.
- ID Number
- MC.335000
- catalog number
- 335000
- accession number
- 310685
- serial number
- 1-A-14
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
-
Mercury Vapor Lamp
- Description (Brief)
- The second version of the type H-1 mercury vapor lamp utilized a starting electrode inside the arc tube.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- date made
- ca 1935
- maker
- General Electric Company
- ID Number
- 1997.0387.01
- accession number
- 1997.0387
- catalog number
- 1997.0387.01
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
-
Christmas Light Set
- Description (Brief)
- A set of nineteen decorative Christmas lamps. Three separate disposable strings are plugged into a common-block.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- date made
- ca 1937
- Maker
- General Electric
- ID Number
- 1997.0388.39
- accession number
- 1997.0388
- catalog number
- 1997.0388.39
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
-
Linear Fluorescent Lamp
- Description (Brief)
- A fluorescent "Mazda" lamp rated at 15 watts. This is a first generation commercial fluorescent lamp.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- date made
- ca 1938
- ID Number
- 1997.0387.17
- accession number
- 1997.0387
- catalog number
- 1997.0387.17
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
-
Linear Incandescent Lamp
- Description (Brief)
- GE incandescent Lumiline lamp, white-coated, ca. 1936. Characteristics: Double-ended with steel disc-bases. C-8 tungsten filament, with glass-bead insulated support-hooks attached to a spine paralleling the filament. Spine is crimp-connected to lead on one end, other end has a glass-bead insulator connecting to lead. Filament is crimp-connected to a support hook / lead prior to this insulator. Tubular envelope, coated with a white enamel finish. White Lumilines were replaced by fluorescent lamps for most uses.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- date made
- ca 1936
- Maker
- General Electric
- ID Number
- 1997.0388.52
- accession number
- 1997.0388
- catalog number
- 1997.0388.52
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
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