Industry & Manufacturing
The Museum's collections document centuries of remarkable changes in products, manufacturing processes, and the role of industry in American life. In the bargain, they preserve artifacts of great ingenuity, intricacy, and sometimes beauty.
The carding and spinning machinery built by Samuel Slater about 1790 helped establish the New England textile industry. Nylon-manufacturing machinery in the collections helped remake the same industry more than a century later. Machine tools from the 1850s are joined by a machine that produces computer chips. Thousands of patent models document the creativity of American innovators over more than 200 years.
The collections reach far beyond tools and machines. Some 460 episodes of the television series Industry on Parade celebrate American industry in the 1950s. Numerous photographic collections are a reminder of the scale and even the glamour of American industry.
9,017
Page 1 of 451
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American Steam Gauge Steam Engine Indicator
- Description
- The American Steam Gauge Co. of Boston, Massachusetts, manufactured this steam engine indicator, serial number 572. It consists of a brass piston with one groove; a brass cylinder; an internal, single wound spring, which can be changed; a large drum with a coil spring and single record. The stylus is missing. Accompanying the indicator is a box with two small wrenches; a packet of record paper with the title on top of the Taylor Engine Company Time Card; and actual engine records on five sheets.
- An engine indicator is an instrument for graphically recording the pressure versus piston displacement through an engine stroke cycle. Engineers use the resulting diagram to check the design and performance of the engine.
- A mechanical indicator consists of a piston, spring, stylus, and recording system. The gas pressure of the cylinder deflects the piston and pushes against the spring, creating a linear relationship between the gas pressure and the deflection of the piston against the spring. The deflection is recorded by the stylus on a rotating drum that is connected to the piston. Most indicators incorporate a mechanical linkage to amplify the movement of the piston to increase the scale of the record.
- When the ratio of the frequency of the pressure variation to the natural frequency of the system is small, then the dynamic deflection is equal to the static deflection. To design a system with a high natural frequency, the mass of the piston, spring, stylus, and mechanical linkage must be small, but the stiffness of the spring must be high. The indicator is subjected to high temperatures and pressures and rapid oscillations, imposing a limitation on the reduction in mass. Too stiff a spring will result in a small displacement of the indicator piston and a record too small to measure with accuracy. Multiplication of the displacement will introduce mechanical ad dynamic errors.
- The parameters of the problem for designing an accurate and trouble free recorder are such that there is no easy or simple solution. Studying the variety of indicators in the collection shows how different inventors made different compromises in their designs.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- ID Number
- 1981.0217.08
- accession number
- 1981.0217
- catalog number
- 1981.0217.08
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
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Steam Engine Indicator
- Description
- This steam engine indicator consists of a steel piston with three grooves, which can be changed; a vented steel cylinder; an external, double wound spring, which can be changed; and a brass stylus. The drum assembly is missing. Accompanying the indicator is a box with two extra pistons and liners, seven extra springs, and one turn cock.
- An engine indicator is an instrument for graphically recording the pressure versus piston displacement through an engine stroke cycle. Engineers use the resulting diagram to check the design and performance of the engine.
- A mechanical indicator consists of a piston, spring, stylus, and recording system. The gas pressure of the cylinder deflects the piston and pushes against the spring, creating a linear relationship between the gas pressure and the deflection of the piston against the spring. The deflection is recorded by the stylus on a rotating drum that is connected to the piston. Most indicators incorporate a mechanical linkage to amplify the movement of the piston to increase the scale of the record.
- When the ratio of the frequency of the pressure variation to the natural frequency of the system is small, then the dynamic deflection is equal to the static deflection. To design a system with a high natural frequency, the mass of the piston, spring, stylus, and mechanical linkage must be small, but the stiffness of the spring must be high. The indicator is subjected to high temperatures and pressures and rapid oscillations, imposing a limitation on the reduction in mass. Too stiff a spring will result in a small displacement of the indicator piston and a record too small to measure with accuracy. Multiplication of the displacement will introduce mechanical ad dynamic errors.
- The parameters of the problem for designing an accurate and trouble free recorder are such that there is no easy or simple solution. Studying the variety of indicators in the collection shows how different inventors made different compromises in their designs.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- ID Number
- 1981.0217.12
- accession number
- 1981.0217
- catalog number
- 1981.0217.12
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
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Dreyer, Rosenkranz & Droop Steam Engine Indicator
- Description
- Dreyer, Rosenkranz, & Droop manufactured this steam engine indicator, serial number 10633. It cannot be disassembled for inspection. The stylus is missing.
- An engine indicator is an instrument for graphically recording the pressure versus piston displacement through an engine stroke cycle. Engineers use the resulting diagram to check the design and performance of the engine.
- A mechanical indicator consists of a piston, spring, stylus, and recording system. The gas pressure of the cylinder deflects the piston and pushes against the spring, creating a linear relationship between the gas pressure and the deflection of the piston against the spring. The deflection is recorded by the stylus on a rotating drum that is connected to the piston. Most indicators incorporate a mechanical linkage to amplify the movement of the piston to increase the scale of the record.
- When the ratio of the frequency of the pressure variation to the natural frequency of the system is small, then the dynamic deflection is equal to the static deflection. To design a system with a high natural frequency, the mass of the piston, spring, stylus, and mechanical linkage must be small, but the stiffness of the spring must be high. The indicator is subjected to high temperatures and pressures and rapid oscillations, imposing a limitation on the reduction in mass. Too stiff a spring will result in a small displacement of the indicator piston and a record too small to measure with accuracy. Multiplication of the displacement will introduce mechanical ad dynamic errors.
- The parameters of the problem for designing an accurate and trouble free recorder are such that there is no easy or simple solution. Studying the variety of indicators in the collection shows how different inventors made different compromises in their designs.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- ID Number
- 1981.0217.15
- accession number
- 1981.0217
- catalog number
- 1981.0217.15
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
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Crosby Steam Engine Indicator
- Description
- Crosby Steam Gauge & Valve Co. of Boston, Massachusetts, manufactured this steam engine indicator, serial number 6163D. It consists of a steel piston with one groove; a vented brass cylinder; an external, double wound spring; a large drum with a spiral spring and a single record; and a pencil lead stylus. Accompanying the indicator is a box with a wrench, a number of pulleys for reduction gear, and a bracket with pivot on end.
- An engine indicator is an instrument for graphically recording the pressure versus piston displacement through an engine stroke cycle. Engineers use the resulting diagram to check the design and performance of the engine.
- A mechanical indicator consists of a piston, spring, stylus, and recording system. The gas pressure of the cylinder deflects the piston and pushes against the spring, creating a linear relationship between the gas pressure and the deflection of the piston against the spring. The deflection is recorded by the stylus on a rotating drum that is connected to the piston. Most indicators incorporate a mechanical linkage to amplify the movement of the piston to increase the scale of the record.
- When the ratio of the frequency of the pressure variation to the natural frequency of the system is small, then the dynamic deflection is equal to the static deflection. To design a system with a high natural frequency, the mass of the piston, spring, stylus, and mechanical linkage must be small, but the stiffness of the spring must be high. The indicator is subjected to high temperatures and pressures and rapid oscillations, imposing a limitation on the reduction in mass. Too stiff a spring will result in a small displacement of the indicator piston and a record too small to measure with accuracy. Multiplication of the displacement will introduce mechanical ad dynamic errors.
- The parameters of the problem for designing an accurate and trouble free recorder are such that there is no easy or simple solution. Studying the variety of indicators in the collection shows how different inventors made different compromises in their designs.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- ID Number
- 1981.0217.17
- accession number
- 1981.0217
- catalog number
- 1981.0217.17
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
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Shimadzu Photo Recorder
- Description
- Shimadzu manufactured this gas engine indicator. It is a photographic recorder with a four sided mirror for shutter and a drive with pulley and belt to an external motor. A sensing element is enclosed, but no description is available. Accompanying the indicator is a box with a wrench, two film holders and two cans of Kodak exposed film, extra film holder and mirror assembly. Additionally, there are two tool steel parts with short, knife edges, which are probably parts of the sensing element.
- An engine indicator is an instrument for graphically recording the pressure versus piston displacement through an engine stroke cycle. Engineers use the resulting diagram to check the design and performance of the engine.
- A mechanical indicator consists of a piston, spring, stylus, and recording system. The gas pressure of the cylinder deflects the piston and pushes against the spring, creating a linear relationship between the gas pressure and the deflection of the piston against the spring. The deflection is recorded by the stylus on a rotating drum that is connected to the piston. Most indicators incorporate a mechanical linkage to amplify the movement of the piston to increase the scale of the record.
- When the ratio of the frequency of the pressure variation to the natural frequency of the system is small, then the dynamic deflection is equal to the static deflection. To design a system with a high natural frequency, the mass of the piston, spring, stylus, and mechanical linkage must be small, but the stiffness of the spring must be high. The indicator is subjected to high temperatures and pressures and rapid oscillations, imposing a limitation on the reduction in mass. Too stiff a spring will result in a small displacement of the indicator piston and a record too small to measure with accuracy. Multiplication of the displacement will introduce mechanical ad dynamic errors.
- The parameters of the problem for designing an accurate and trouble free recorder are such that there is no easy or simple solution. Studying the variety of indicators in the collection shows how different inventors made different compromises in their designs.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- ID Number
- 1981.0217.18
- accession number
- 1981.0217
- catalog number
- 1981.0217.18
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
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Lehmann & Michels Gas Engine Indicator
- Description
- Lehmann & Michels manufactured this gas engine indicator, serial number D. R. P. 416623. It is based on patent number 1532692, which was granted to Josef Geiger of Augsburg, Germany, on April 7, 1925.
- The L & M catalog describes this instrument as a Pi-Meter and instrument to measure the mean pressure. There is no record, pointer, or dial. Most likely, it contains a heavy fly wheel that is damped, an impulse of gas pressure each cycle does work on fly wheel, and the work determines the velocity which is transcribed into a mean pressure for each stroke of the piston.
- An engine indicator is an instrument for graphically recording the pressure versus piston displacement through an engine stroke cycle. Engineers use the resulting diagram to check the design and performance of the engine.
- A mechanical indicator consists of a piston, spring, stylus, and recording system. The gas pressure of the cylinder deflects the piston and pushes against the spring, creating a linear relationship between the gas pressure and the deflection of the piston against the spring. The deflection is recorded by the stylus on a rotating drum that is connected to the piston. Most indicators incorporate a mechanical linkage to amplify the movement of the piston to increase the scale of the record.
- When the ratio of the frequency of the pressure variation to the natural frequency of the system is small, then the dynamic deflection is equal to the static deflection. To design a system with a high natural frequency, the mass of the piston, spring, stylus, and mechanical linkage must be small, but the stiffness of the spring must be high. The indicator is subjected to high temperatures and pressures and rapid oscillations, imposing a limitation on the reduction in mass. Too stiff a spring will result in a small displacement of the indicator piston and a record too small to measure with accuracy. Multiplication of the displacement will introduce mechanical ad dynamic errors.
- The parameters of the problem for designing an accurate and trouble free recorder are such that there is no easy or simple solution. Studying the variety of indicators in the collection shows how different inventors made different compromises in their designs.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- ID Number
- 1981.0217.19
- accession number
- 1981.0217
- catalog number
- 1981.0217.19
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
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Ulysses S. Grant Campaign Medal
- Description (Brief)
- This presidential campaign medal was made by the Scovill Manufacturing Company of Waterbury, Connecticut around 1868. The Scovill Company was established in 1802 as a button manufacturer, and is still in business today. Scovill was an early industrial American innovator, adapting armory manufacturing processes to mass-produce a variety of consumer goods including buttons, daguerreotype mats, and campaign badges.
- Obverse: Bust of Ulysses S. Grant facing forward, the legend reads: GENERAL U.S. GRANT 1868.
- Reverse: Image of two branches and four stars, the legend reads: I PROPOSE TO FIGHT IT OUT ON THIS LINE IF IT TAKES ALL SUMMER.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- depicted
- Grant, Ulysses S.
- maker
- Scovill Manufacturing Company
- ID Number
- 1981.0296.1071
- accession number
- 1981.0296
- catalog number
- 1981.0296.1071
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
-
Abraham Lincoln Campaign Badge
- Description (Brief)
- This presidential campaign badge was made by the Scovill Manufacturing Company of Waterbury, Connecticut around 1860. The Scovill Company was established in 1802 as a button manufacturer, and is still in business today. Scovill was an early industrial American innovator, adapting armory manufacturing processes to mass-produce a variety of consumer goods including buttons, daguerreotype mats, and campaign badges.
- This badge features a tintype photograph of Abraham Lincoln, and the photo is labeled “A. Lincoln.” above Lincoln’s head. The badge likely had a pin originally on its back, so the badge could be worn and displayed.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- depicted
- Lincoln, Abraham
- maker
- Scovill Manufacturing Company
- ID Number
- 1981.0296.1079
- accession number
- 1981.0296
- catalog number
- 1981.0296.1079
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
-
Stephen Douglas Campaign Medal
- Description (Brief)
- This presidential campaign medal was made by the Scovill Manufacturing Company of Waterbury, Connecticut around 1860. The Scovill Company was established in 1802 as a button manufacturer, and is still in business today. Scovill was an early industrial American innovator, adapting armory manufacturing processes to mass-produce a variety of consumer goods including buttons, daguerreotype mats, and campaign badges.
- Obverse: Tintype photograph of Stephen Douglas, labeled “Stephen A. Douglas.”
- Reverse: Tintype photograph of Herschel Johnson, labeled “Herschel V. Johnson.”
- Location
- Currently not on view
- depicted
- Douglas, Stephen A.
- Johnson, Herschel V.
- maker
- Scovill Manufacturing Company
- ID Number
- 1981.0296.1080
- accession number
- 1981.0296
- catalog number
- 1981.0296.1080
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
-
Ulysses S. Grant Campaign Medal
- Description (Brief)
- This presidential campaign medal was made by the Scovill Manufacturing Company of Waterbury, Connecticut around 1868. The Scovill Company was established in 1802 as a button manufacturer that is still in business today. Scovill was an early industrial American innovator, adapting armory manufacturing processes to mass-produce a variety of consumer goods including buttons, daguerreotype mats, and campaign badges.
- Obverse: Bust of Ulysses S. Grant facing left. The legend reads: GENERAL U. S. GRANT.
- Reverse: A legend that reads: THE WILL OF THE PEOPLE IS THE LAW OF THE LAND.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- depicted
- Grant, Ulysses S.
- maker
- Scovill Manufacturing Company
- ID Number
- 1981.0296.1087
- accession number
- 1981.0296
- catalog number
- 1981.0296.1087
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
-
Ulysses S. Grant Campaign Badge
- Description (Brief)
- This presidential campaign badge was made by the Scovill Manufacturing Company of Waterbury, Connecticut around 1868. The Scovill Company was established in 1802 as a button manufacturer that is still in business today. Scovill was an early industrial American innovator, adapting armory manufacturing processes to mass-produce a variety of consumer goods including buttons, daguerreotype mats, and campaign badges.
- Obverse: Tintype photograph of Ulysses S. Grant in brass housing, the legend around the rim reads: OUR CHOICE FOR PRESIDENT.
- Reverse: Tintype photograph of Schuyler Colfax in brass housing, the legend around the rim reads: FOR VICE PRESIDENT.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- depicted
- Grant, Ulysses S.
- Colfax, Schuyler
- maker
- Scovill Manufacturing Company
- ID Number
- 1981.0296.1088
- accession number
- 1981.0296
- catalog number
- 1981.0296.1088
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
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John C. Breckinridge Campaign Badge
- Description (Brief)
- This presidential campaign badge was made by the Scovill Manufacturing Company of Waterbury, Connecticut around 1860. The Scovill Company was established in 1802 as a button manufacturer that is still in business today. Scovill was an early industrial American innovator, adapting armory manufacturing processes to mass-produce a variety of consumer goods including buttons, daguerreotype mats, and campaign badges. The rim of this badge has a hole so it could be worn.
- Obverse: Tintype of John Breckinridge. The rim’s legend reads: JOHN. C. BRECKINRIDGE 1860.
- Reverse: Tintype of Joseph Lane. The rim’s legend reads: JOSEPH LANE 1860.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- depicted
- Breckinridge, John C.
- Lane, Joseph
- maker
- Scovill Manufacturing Company
- ID Number
- 1981.0296.1090
- accession number
- 1981.0296
- catalog number
- 1981.0296.1090
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
-
George B. McClellan Campaign Badge
- Description (Brief)
- This presidential campaign badge was made by the Scovill Manufacturing Company of Waterbury, Connecticut around 1864. The Scovill Company was established in 1802 as a button manufacturer that is still in business today. Scovill was an early industrial American innovator, adapting armory manufacturing processes to mass-produce a variety of consumer goods including buttons, daguerreotype mats, and campaign badges.
- This campaign badge features a tintype photograph of George B. McClellan in a circular brass frame. The tintype is labeled “G.B. M’CLELLAN.”
- Location
- Currently not on view
- depicted
- McClellan, George B.
- maker
- Scovill Manufacturing Company
- ID Number
- 1981.0296.1094
- accession number
- 1981.0296
- catalog number
- 1981.0296.1094
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
-
Corcoran and Meagher Badge
- Description (Brief)
- This badge was made by the Scovill Manufacturing Company of Waterbury, Connecticut around 1864. The Scovill Company was established in 1802 as a button manufacturer that is still in business today. Scovill was an early industrial American innovator, adapting armory manufacturing processes to mass-produce a variety of consumer goods including buttons, daguerreotype mats, and campaign badges.
- Obverse: Tintype photograph of Colonel Michael Corcoran, labeled Corcoran.
- Reverse: Tintype photograph of Thomas Francis Meagher, labeled Meagher.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- maker
- Scovill Manufacturing Company
- ID Number
- 1981.0296.1095
- accession number
- 1981.0296
- catalog number
- 1981.0296.1095
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
-
George B. McClellan Campaign Medal
- Description (Brief)
- This presidential campaign medal was made by the Scovill Manufacturing Company of Waterbury, Connecticut around 1864. The Scovill Company was established in 1802 as a button manufacturer that is still in business today. Scovill was an early industrial American innovator, adapting armory manufacturing processes to mass-produce a variety of consumer goods including buttons, daguerreotype mats, and campaign badges.
- Obverse: Bust of George B. McClellan facing forward. The legend reads: MAJ. GENERAL McCLELLAN. Reverse: Eagle clutching arrows and an olive branch, encircled with 34 stars and a wreath. The legend reads: ONE FLAG AND ONE UNION NOW AND FOREVER.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- depicted
- McClellan, George B.
- maker
- Scovill Manufacturing Company
- ID Number
- 1981.0296.1104
- accession number
- 1981.0296
- catalog number
- 1981.0296.1104
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
-
George B. McClellan Campaign Badge
- Description (Brief)
- This presidential campaign badge was made by the Scovill Manufacturing Company of Waterbury, Connecticut around 1864. The Scovill Company was established in 1802 as a button manufacturer that is still in business today. Scovill was an early industrial American innovator, adapting armory manufacturing processes to mass-produce a variety of consumer goods including buttons, daguerreotype mats, and campaign badges.
- Obverse: Tintype photograph of George B. McClellan imbedded into a circular brass frame. The tintype is labeled “M’CLELLAN.”
- Location
- Currently not on view
- depicted
- McClellan, George B.
- maker
- Scovill Manufacturing Company
- ID Number
- 1981.0296.1105
- accession number
- 1981.0296
- catalog number
- 1981.0296.1105
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
-
Ulysses S. Grant Campaign Medal
- Description (Brief)
- This presidential campaign medal was made by the Scovill Manufacturing Company of Waterbury, Connecticut around 1868. The Scovill Company was established in 1802 as a button manufacturer that is still in business today. Scovill was an early industrial American innovator, adapting armory manufacturing processes to mass-produce a variety of consumer goods including campaign medals.
- Obverse: Bust of Ulysses S. Grant facing left. Legend: GRANT & COLFAX REPUBLICAN CANDIDATES 1868.
- Reverse: Two branches rim the edge, with two crossed flags, a drum, and bayoneted rifles at the base of the branches. Legend: FIRST IN THE HEARTS OF HIS SOLDIERS.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- depicted
- Grant, Ulysses S.
- referenced
- Colfax, Schuyler
- maker
- Scovill Manufacturing Company
- ID Number
- 1981.0296.1117
- accession number
- 1981.0296
- catalog number
- 1981.0296.1117
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
-
Abraham Lincoln Campaign Medal
- Description (Brief)
- This medal was made by the Scovill Manufacturing Company of Waterbury, Connecticut around 1860. The Scovill Company was established in 1802 as a button manufacturer that is still in business today. Scovill was an early industrial American innovator, adapting armory manufacturing processes to mass-produce a variety of consumer goods including buttons, daguerreotype mats, and campaign medals.
- Obverse: Bust of Abraham Lincoln, and is inscribed around the rim with the text “Republican Candidate Abraham Lincoln 1860.”
- Reverse: Eagle with a shield, clutching three arrows and an olive branch in its talons. The legend reads: LIBERTY UNION AND EQUALITY.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- depicted
- Lincoln, Abraham
- maker
- Scovill Manufacturing Company
- ID Number
- 1981.0296.1122
- accession number
- 1981.0296
- catalog number
- 1981.0296.1122
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
-
Ulysses S. Grant Campaign Badge
- Description (Brief)
- This medal was made by the Scovill Manufacturing Company of Waterbury, Connecticut around 1860. The Scovill Company was established in 1802 as a button manufacturer that is still in business today. Scovill was an early industrial American innovator, adapting armory manufacturing processes to mass-produce a variety of consumer goods including buttons, daguerreotype mats, and campaign medals.
- Obverse: Tintype photograph of Ulysses S. Grant, labeled “GRANT.” The legend around the rim reads: FOR PRESIDENT.
- Reverse: Tintype photograph of Schuyler Colfax, labeled “COLFAX.” The legend around the rim reads: FOR VICE PRESIDENT.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- depicted
- Grant, Ulysses S.
- Colfax, Schuyler
- maker
- Scovill Manufacturing Company
- ID Number
- 1981.0296.1125
- accession number
- 1981.0296
- catalog number
- 1981.0296.1125
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
-
George B. McClellan Campaign Badge
- Description (Brief)
- This badge was made by the Scovill Manufacturing Company of Waterbury, Connecticut around 1864. The Scovill Company was established in 1802 as a button manufacturer that is still in business today. Scovill was an early industrial American innovator, adapting armory manufacturing processes to mass-produce a variety of consumer goods including buttons, daguerreotype mats, and campaign badges. This badge has a hole in the rim indicating it was worn.
- Obverse: Labeled photograph of George B. McClellan. The rim is inscribed: THE CONSTITUTION AS IT IS 1864.
- Reverse: Labeled photograph of George Pendleton. Stars around the rim. Legend reads: PAT. APR 2, 1861.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- depicted
- McClellan, George B.
- Pendleton, George Hunt
- maker
- Scovill Manufacturing Company
- ID Number
- 1981.0296.1129
- accession number
- 1981.0296
- catalog number
- 1981.0296.1129
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
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